Period 4 Vocab

Louisiana Purchase

the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million

- doubled the size of the US

judicial review

the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was allowed by the Constitution

- allowed the judiciary branch to check the other two branches

Embargo Act of 1807

\n prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

- brought an economic depression to the US

Macon's Bill No. 2

if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, then the US would prohibit trade with the other

- forced France to respect the US neutral rights at sea

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement

- defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe

General William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh and his efforts to unite the Natives

- stopped Native resistance to expansion

war hawks

new Democratic-Republicans who were eager for war with Britain

- pressured Madison to declare war against Britain

War of 1812

a war fought between Britain and the US over the issues of trade and impressment

- the US gained respect in the eyes of the Europeans

Hartford Convention

\n meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution

- resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Era of Good Feelings

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity

- the Federalist party collapsed

sectionalism

loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

- led to the Civil War (eventually)

nationalism

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

- evident in the Era of Good Feelings

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

- ran for president 5 times

American system

\n Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry

- helped America become an economic power

Panic of 1819

severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation of Western lands

- first financial crisis in the US

McCullogh v. Maryland

1819 supreme court case that ruled that the states could NOT tax the federal government

- ruled in favor of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden

\n the Court ruled that Congress has the power to regulate commerce and that federal law takes precedence over state laws

- established Congressional power

Missouri Compromise

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was outlawed above the 36th parallel

- maintained the balance between free and slave states

Rush-Bagot Agreement

\n an agreement between the US and Great Britain that stated there would be a disarmament of the US-Canadian border

- created the world's largest demilitarized zone

Florida Purchase Treaty

\n the US paid $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon country, and the US surrendered its claim to Texas

- removed a European power from American borders

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

- stated that the Americas were closed to further colonization

Robert Fulton

a colonial American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat

- revolutionized the way Americans shipped goods and traveled

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

- manufactured goods could be quickly assembled by unskilled workers

Lowell system

\n a system in which factory girls lived in dormitories within the factory and were cared for and fed there

- introduced the modern factory to the US

industrialization

\n the development of industries for the machine production of goods

- made goods cheaper

Market Revolution

\n the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

- established an industrial economy in the US

Industrial Revolution

a period marked by rapid industrialization and economic changes

- shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy

urbanization

an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements

- occurred as a result of factories in cities

nativists

\n native-born Americans who want to limit immigration

- immigrants were seen as cheap labor

American Party

political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846

- consisted of nativists

the frontier

\n an imaginary territory that symbolized the edge of the civilized east and the beginning of the wild west

- symbolized freedom and a new beginning

universal male suffrage

\n all white men could vote, regardless of property and class

- did not allow for males of color nor women to vote

Anti-Masonic Party

\n opponents of the Freemasons, whom they believed to be a corrupt and elitist society

- a minor political party

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

- exemplified by Andrew Jackson

Corrupt Bargain

\n the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson

- John Quincy Adams was named president and Henry Clay was named Secretary of State

Tariff of Abominations

\n tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

- caused sectionalism to increase

Revolution of 1828

the election of 1828 in which common voters increased and elected Andrew Jackson

- proved that the common people held the vote

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

- pushed the Natives even further out of their homes

Peggy Eaton Affair

a social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton

- effectively dissolved Jackson's cabinet

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

- approximately 4,000 Cherokees died

Nullification Crisis

a movement in which South Carolina attempted to nullify the Tariff of 1828

- almost led to civil war

Specie Circular

an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver

- paper money was devalued

Panic of 1837

\n economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over-speculation on western lands and transportation improvements

- partially caused by Andrew Jackson

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

- Baptist and Methodist denominations increased

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

ruled that Cherokees were not a state or foreign nation and therefore couldn't file a suit

- was a blow to the Native community

Worchester v. Georgia

ruled that states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land

- protected Natives

Federalists

Political party founded in 1787 on the basis of a strong federal government. The party gained prominence in the 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton. Lost steam and soon no longer existed.

Democratic-Republicans

the name used primarily by modern political scientists for the first "Republican Party", also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. Historians usually use "Republican Party." It was the second political party in the United States, and was organized by then United States Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson and his friend and compatriot James Madison, in 1791-93, to oppose the Federalist Party run by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton.

Democrats

After the War of 1812, the Federalists virtually disappeared and the Jeffersonian party split into factions. They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, and was mostly made up of frontier farmers and factory works became this Party

Whig Party

political party during era of jacksonian democracy there views were that they opposed jackson, were pro bank of u.s. (national bank), pro high tariffs, pro federal funding for internal improvements, pro political action for social reform, were divided on terms of slavery to conscience and cotton whigs

Second Great Awakening

Liberal and social ideas spread, Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility fostered the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular forms including abolition and women's rights.

Romanticism

An artisitc movement between the 1800s and 1850s that promoted individualism and a deviation of norms

Market Revolution

term used by historians to describe the expansion of the markets in the early 19th century America. It was mainly started by the construction of new roads and canals to connect the distant communities together. Inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, states poured millions of dollars into transportation funds. The market revolution was mainly a new approach by farmer and manufacturers. They stopped producing for just themselves, but now began to produce "for the market."

Missouri Compromise

Submitted by Henry Clay during the Monroe presidency, it was passed in 1820 and detailed a solution between pro and anti slavery factions in Congress. Slavery was prohibited in the former Louisiana Territory north of 36°30' north except within the boundaries of Missouri. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed white male settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to determine via popular sovereignty whether or not to legalize slavery, which potentially rendered certain areas unbound by the Compromise. Views on the matter enabled the establishment of the Republican Party, and the Compromise was declared unconstitutional in the 1857 case Dred Scott v. Sandford

Embargo Act

This act of 1807, established by Jefferson, was intended to protect american interests due to the danger of trading over the ocean with France and Britain doing everything in their power to stop trade from going to each other. This was a disaster because it prevented any and all trade, which hurt the majority of the North's economy and Jefferson's reputation as a leader that wanted states to run themselves.

Impressment

The act of forcing a person to serve in the armed forces. This was done by the British navy prior to the War of 1812, in which they forced American sailors into the British navy.

Lewis and Clark Expidition

After the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson chose his intelligent personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, on an expedition along the Mississippi River. Lewis turned towards William Clark to help on his journey which ended up lasting for two years. They hoped to find a water route linking the Columbia and Missouri rivers which would connect the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi River system and open up new market opportunities. They did not find a route to the Pacific Ocean but did report their many findings along their adventure.

Marbury v. Madison

This was a Supreme court case in which a man was appointed a federal judge by John Adams, but was not delivered his papers. When Jefferson became president, he told his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver the papers. The man sued, and it was eventually decided the power to issue a writ of mandamus was unconstitutional. It was the first court case in which the Supreme court could override a law and declare it unconstitutional, making it void

Hartford Convention

On December 15, 1814, delegates met in secret at the Old State House in Hartford. The Massachusetts legislature had requested the conference in October and delegates from the Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire legislatures met for three weeks to draft a formal protest against the Federal Government's continued involvement in the War of 1812, which allied the United States with France against Great Britain

War of 1812

War between the United States and England fought from 1812 until 1814. It was caused by American anger over the British policy of impressment as well as President Jefferson's desire to gain control of Canada. The war was ended in 1814 by the Treaty of Ghent. The War of 1812 was significant because it showed European countries that the United States was a strong, independent nation.

Tecumseh

a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

Americans felt that quibbling and quarreling with foreign powers might prove a distraction from the great task of national development. The classic enunciation of this point of view, the completion of America's withdrawal from Europe, was this. In addition to isolating themselves from the wars of Europe the United States went further and said if any European countries colonize anywhere in the Americas they will take that as a threat of peace and safety. This was made in 1823 by President James Monroe

Era of Good Feelings

The period from 1817 to 1823 where the disappearance of the Federalists party enabled the Democratic Republican party to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony

Sectionalism

Refers to the opposition of different regions of the U.S. on different issues. Cause by rapid growth and expansion, the North, South, and Western sections of the United States held vastly different views, leading to the break from the "Era of Good Feelings" and bringing back the two party system. Issues like tariffs, road work, and slave laws divided the regions.

Henry Clay

(April 12, 1777 - June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three different terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844

American System

Henry Clays 3 pronged system to promote industry. It included a strong Banking System, a protective tariff , and a Federally funded transportation network.

Andrew Jackson

7th president, military leader in the war of 1812 and battle of new Orleans. Began the Jacksonian Democracy. Defeated John Adams in the 1828 election. Killed the national bank.

Jacksonian Democracy

the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters.

"Corrupt Bargain"

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams over Jackson and Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history

Daniel Webster

A leading senator from MA during the era of the second party system.

"Tariff of Abominations"

tariff passed in 1828 that was designed to promote industry in the North which involved placing a tax that contributed to the Northern factories.

Nullification

the legal action that allows states to invalidate a federal law that they find unconstitutional. States would try to use this against the Government, such as when in 1832, South Carolina attempted to use Calhoun's doctrine to declare a federal tariff unconstitutional. The federal government shut this down with threats of military force, since this was seen as a rebellious violation of the constitutional.

Erie Canal

A 363 mile canal stretching from Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York at Lake Erie. It was proposed in 1807 and started in 1817 to connect New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The Canal allowed for New York City to become most important United States port, population surges in New York, and cheaper transportation costs between eastern and western states. It opened on October 26, 1825, before railways and steamships had been invented, making it the best option for bulk shipping.

Wilderness Road

It was used by settlers who wanted to reach the frontier from the East. Founded by Daniel Boon in 1775 for the Transylvania company. Originally reached from West Virginia to Kentucky and then to the falls of Ohio in Louisville.

National Road

the first federal government funded road to connect the Potomac rivers of Maryland to the Ohio Rivers in the west, stretched 620 miles.

Steamboats

Invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, they allowed for travel both up and down rivers. They made trade and transportation via rivers much quicker.

John Marshall

He became the fourth chief Justice of the U.S Supreme Court in 1801. He is largely responsible for establishing the Supreme Court's role in the Federal gov't and the constitutional law.

Samuel Slater

Man who brought British textile technology to America, beginning the industrialization and factories to America. He was called by Andrew Jackson, "The Father of American Industrial Revolution."

American Colonization Society

It was founded in 1816 to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa, brought about by Reverend Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister from Basking Ridge, New Jersey. Finley believed that blacks would never be fully integrated into American society and that they would only be able to fulfill their potential as human beings in Africa, the "land of their fathers."

The Spoils System

The practice established by Andrew Jackson of giving political jobs to people who had supported him in the election based on politics rather than experience in office. Although he intended on replacing many government officials, he did not actually make very many changes during his presidency.

The Bank War

the political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the second bank of the United states during the Andrew Jackson administration

Indian Removal Act

During the decade after Jackson's act of 1830 was passed, nearly all of the major tribes east of the Mississippi were transported to reservations in the Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska territories. The tribes turned over nearly 100 million acres in all, most of it well-forested and teeming with game. In return, the tribes received 30 million acres of dry land, poorly suited to Indian life. About 50,000 Indians were relocated.

Trail of Tears

The 1838 forced removal of Cherokee and other Native American tribes from Georgia and the Western Appalachians to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and nearby regions

Martin Van Buren

a Democrat and member of Jackson's infamous "Kitchen Cabinet" as Secretary of State, and Vice President of his second term. Receiving support from Jackson after he left office, he became his successor and the 8th President of the United States. During his presidency, Buren dealt with the panic of 1837 and helped the country grow and expand west.

William Henry Harrison

(February 9, 1773 - April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office[a] of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution settled many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution

John Tyler

Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845. President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk. Whig, but opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.

Utopian Communities

Colonies that attempted to be perfect in everything. They mostly had an influential leader who had the idea based on religious goals for society in which all of the people worked together to create a better a better place; in a way they were creating socialism. These small communities rarely lasted more than a year and often disappeared mysteriously.

Mormans

founded by Joseph Smith, it was based on polygamy. They drilled their own militia, and voted as a unit and in doing so angered and disturbed many. Joseph Smith founded mormonism in new york in 1830 with the guidance of an angel and translated the Book of Mormon. In 1843, Smith's announcement that god sanctioned polygamy split the mormons and let to an uprising against mormons in 1844 which led to Smith's death. Brigham Young took over mormonism after Smith died, and he moved the mormons to Utah and became the unofficial territorial governor.

Dorothea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. She traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual

Horace Mann

An american education reformer in MA and was elected into the House of Representatives.

Temperance Movement

a movement that enforced the moderation of consumption of alcohol and alcoholic products.

Abolitionists

groups of people that gathered during the civil war to politically plan for the antislavery movement. They had high moral purpose and courage, and led the Abolition Movement.

William Lloyd Garrison

A Massachusetts abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer who was the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. He is one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and demanded both certain womens' rights and the freedom of slaves.

David Walker

An African-American abolitionist who in 1829 published a book called An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World. His work brought about attention of the abuses and inequalities of slavery in the north east as it was published in Boston. Considered very extreme for its views.

Women's Rights Movement

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, clothes and other manufactured goods could be made cheaply by factories, allowing women to find work outside of the house. They began working in factories and working for reform. The Seneca Falls Convention, led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, called for all men and women to be considered equal and for women to have the right to vote. Conventions such as this gave women new rights, beginning in New York, such as ownership of property and the right to sue, yet the right to vote was still far away.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of a woman." Held in Seneca Falls, NY, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848

Susan B. Anthony

A woman who was an abolitionist and played a major role in the women's suffrage movement. Her and her lifelong co-worker Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the New York Women's State Temperance Society in 1852. They founded other organizations together, both for women's rights and the abolition of slavery, and organized a newspaper called The Revolution. She got arrested for voting in 1872, and went to Congress about the issue in 1878. The 19th Amendment came about in 1920, and it was called the Anthony Amendment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In 1848, she and Lucretia Mott did held the first Woman's Rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York. Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Susan B. Anthony in 1851, and the two quickly began collaboration on speeches, articles, and books. Her intellectual and organizational partnership with Anthony dominated the women's movement for over half a century.

Transcendentalism

Movement in the United States during the 19th century which promoted the power of imagination and thought to find truths that could not be revealed by the other senses. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two major authors from this movement. Members of the transcendentalist movement were significant to this period of American history because they tended to support change in society as well as a focus on individualism and self-reliance.