PSYC 2010

Sensory neurons

take signals from receptors and send them to brain

Motor neurons

take signals from brain and send them to muscles

Excitatory signals

Increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

Inhibitory signals

Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

Receptors

specialized structures that respond to certain types of neurotransmitters

Each receptor can be influenced

by only one type of neurotransmitter

Transmission phase

first phase; chemical signals are released from terminal buttons of a sending neuron and transmitted across the synapse to a receiving neuron

Reception phase

second phase; these neurotransmitters fit into specialized receptors in the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron, which converts chemical signals to electrical signals

Conduction phase

fourth phase; if the combined signal is stimulating enough, an action potential is generated and carried away from the cell body down the axon to the terminal buttons where it causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (at this point, it repeats at phase 1)

Integration phase

third phase; neurotransmitters have different effects on the postsynaptic neuron and these effects are integrated in the cell body to determine whether or not to generate an electrical impulse, or action potential

Primary function of Acetylcholine

Muscles

Primary function of Norepinephrine

Alertness

Primary function of Serotonin

Emotional states, impulsivity, dreams

Primary function of Dopamine

Reward/motivation/muscles (voluntary movement)

Primary function of GABA

Inhibition of action potentials, anxiety, alcohol intoxication

Primary function of Glutamate

Enhancement of action potentials, learning and memory

Primary function of Endorphins

Pain reduction, pleasure

Frontal

• Primary Motor

• PreMotor

• PreFrontal

Parietal

• Primary Somatosensory

• Somatosensory Assoc.

Occipital

• Primary Visual

• Visual Assoc.

Temporal

• Primary Auditory

• Auditory Assoc.

• Visual Assoc

What is 1?

Dendrites

What is 2?

Axon

What is 3?

Myelin sheath

What is 4?

Axon hillock

What is 5?

Soma (cell body)

What is 6?

Axon terminal

1?

Pre-motor cortex

2?

Primary motor cortex

3?

Primary somatosensory cortex

4?

Somatosensory Association Cortex

5?

Primary Visual Cortex

6?

Visual Association Cortex

7?

Auditory/Visual Association Cortex

8?

Primary Auditory Cortex

9?

Pre-frontal cortex

Erikson’s first stage of development?

Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy, 0-2)

Erikson’s second stage of development?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (toddler, 2-3)

Erikson’s third stage of development?

Initiative vs. guilt (preschool, 4-6)

Erikson’s fourth stage of development?

Industry vs. inferiority (childhood, 7-12)

Erikson’s fifth stage of development?

Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence, 13-19)

Erikson’s sixth stage of development?

Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood, 20s)

Erikson’s seventh stage of development?

Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood, 30s-50s)

Erikson’s eighth stage of development?

Integrity vs. despair (old age, 60s+)

Permissive parenting

less demanding, more responsive — wants to be cool, low expectations, avoiding confrontation, indulgent

Authoritative parenting

more demanding, more responsive — assertive, warm, high expectations, clear boundaries, source of comfort and guidance

Authoritarian parenting

more demanding, less responsive — critical, high expectations, strict consequences, less comforting and warm

Neglectful parenting

less demanding, less responsive — hands off, no clear boundaries and rules, no guidance, limited sense of comfort or communication

Mary Ainsworth’s contributions? Which other experiment explored this?

The Strange Situation: different styles of attachment, paradigm to measure said styles. Harlow’s Monkeys (nature vs. nurture idea) also explores this.

Secure attachment

nervous to leave parent, but parents offer safe home base to build confidence for exploration

Ambivalent/anxious attachment

separation anxiety, lacking trust, distraught when parent returns and is both desparate to receive comfort but also rejects it out of anger and mistrust

Avoidant attachment

completely comfortable without parent, neutral towards parents departure and return due to self-soothing adaptations from inconsistency and emotional unavailability

Components of dynamic development?

Individual differences, macro influences, and context

4 Main types of teratogens

• Drugs

• Infectious Agents

• Environmental Agents

• Health Factors

Preconventional moral development

self-interest

Conventional moral development

laws/social approval of others

Postconventional moral development

Complex, abstract reasoning, the greater good

Heinz dilemma

moral experiment developed by Kohlberg; steal the drug or let his wife die?

Assimilation

fitting new info into an existing schema

Accomadation

changing/creating new schema to fit new info into

Schema

a cognitive framework that we use to organize our understanding of the world

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

• Starts to mentally represent information in schemas based on sensory experiences

• Begins to act intentionally

• Achieves object permanence

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

• Learns to use language by images & words

• Can use intuitive thought, but not logical

• Thinking is very egocentric

Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)

• Can think logically about objects & events

• Can understand operations

• Understands conservation

• Flexibly classifies objects by several features

• Can order them in a series along a single dimension

Concrete operational stage (12+ years)

• Can think logically about abstract thought

• Can use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to

test hypotheses systematically

• Becomes concerned with hypothetical issues,

the future, and ideological problems

RBD

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; dreaming without muscle paralysis in REM so they act out their dreams

Sleepwalking

partially wakes up but not fully conscious, occurs during deep non-REM sleep

N1

first and lightest state of sleep

N2

still not deep sleep but transitioning; lasts the longest

N3

deep sleep transitioning to REM, third longest

REM

Rapid Eye Movement; final stage that repeats, most important for memory, health, and emotional regulation, vivid dreaming occurs

Insomnia

brain doesn’t produce enough GABA, cannot fall asleep

Obstructive sleep apnea

most common, throat muscles relax and tissue blocks airway

Sleep apnea

repeatedly stops/starts breathing causing brain micro-arousals and oxygen drops

Central sleep apnea

neurological, brain fails to send signals to muscles that control breathing

Complex sleep apnea

Combo of OSA and CSA

Narcolepsy

excessive sleepiness during the day, REM randomly occur

Narcolepsy treatment

stimulants, SSRIs

Insomnia treatment

CBT

Automatic processing

unintentional/subconscious actions

Presynaptic neuron

sending neuron

Postsynaptic neuron

receiving neuron

Step 1: Posterior

sends goals

Step 2: Pre-frontal

plans

Step 3: Pre-motor

sequences

Step 4: Primary motor

executes

Hypothalamus

Sleep, appetite, endocrine

Thalamus

Pain, sensory relay to and from cortex, alertness

Cerebellum

movement

Brainstem

neurotransmitter center

Spinal cord

pain

Amygdala

Fear, anxiety, pain

Hippocampus

memory, reexperiencing

Basal forebrain

Memory, alertness

Nucleus accumbens

Delusions, hallucinations, pleasure, libido, euphoria, reward

Prefrontal cortex functions

Attention, executive function, concentration, emotions, fatigue, obsessions, compulsions, etc.

Striatum

Movement, relay site from PFC

Stimulants (def., examples, neurotransmitters)

increased behavior and mental activity; meth, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine; dopamine, norepinephrine

Depressants (def., examples, neurotransmitters)

decreased behavior and mental activity; benzodiazepine, alcohol, anti-anxiety; GABA

Opiods

reduced pain and provides pleasure; heroin, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl; endorphins