Ch19

A __________ is a pathogen that must infect a living host to replicate.

virus

Viruses are much smaller than the host, typically ranging from __________ nanometers.

20-400

The viral genome can be made of either __________ or __________.

DNA or RNA

The protein container of a virus is called a __________.

Capsid

Viruses can have a(n) __________ envelope composed of protein and lipid membrane.

Outer

The coronavirus genome consists of roughly __________ bases.

30,000

RNA viruses can have __________ stranded RNA or __________ stranded RNA.

Single-stranded; double-stranded

The protein on SARS-CoV-2 that binds to the host ACE2 receptor is called the __________ glycoprotein.

Spike

B-cells can produce __________ antibodies that bind to specific non-self antigens.

One

Vaccination stimulates the production of __________ B cells that live for years.

Memory

The process of reverse transcription converts RNA to __________.

DNA

Therapeutic drugs may target enzymes such as __________ and __________ in RNA viruses.

Reverse transcriptase; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

The immune response to a past infection of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected by identifying antibodies that bind to its __________ protein.

Spike

If a virus evolves slightly, __________ antibodies may still bind to it.

Some

The effectiveness of historical vaccines against various viruses varies; smallpox and measles vaccines are considered __________ effective.

Very

Influenza viruses are somewhat effective for vaccines because they __________ rapidly.

Evolve