Mental Illness and Crime

due process

guarantee that the government must act fairly and follow established legal rules. Best possible protection that should respect all individual’s legal rights.

Mental Health

a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can make a contribution to his or her community

Mental illness

A condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, or mood. May affect someone’s ability to relate to others and function daily. Each person experiences it differently.

True or false: those with mental illnesses usually begin with simple criminal offenses

True

FBI

Law enforcement with jurisdiction to investigate the case if it was a federal law violation.

Judge jurisdiction

Legal authority to hear a case based on geographical area

Limited court jurisdiction

Lower court, court of the people, no need for representation is jail is not a possibility. For misdemeanors and minor criminal/traffic cases with a maximum of 1 year in jail.

How has punishment for the mentally ill progressed

cops used to give minor infractions but now they use the courts as a gateway to enable detoxification, shelter, or stabilization.

General court jurisdiction

Felony charges with longer punitive sentences including the death penalty.

What is the balance of welfare checks

Have to weigh the persons right to be alone vs the question of safety.

If a mentally ill person waves their right to remain silent then

the voluntariness and knowingness of the waiver will be scrutinized

Custodial arraignment

Defendants that were not released from custody must be presented before a judge in 24-48 hours. This is the time where an attorney is appointed.

Bench trial is done with

a judge only

Jury trial is done with

peers

Parole

function of the executive branch. Either the defendant served their entire sentence or was release early. May be released into a halfway house or into the community. Conditional.

Early humanistic perceptions of mental illness

relied on the isolation of the mentally ill via psychiatric hospitals and insane asylums.

Insanity

legal reference for the defense to negate an element of a crime that requires specific intent.

Trephination

drilling holes in a victim’s head to allow trapped evil spirits to escape

Hippocrates belief

mental impairment should be resolved through noninvasive interventions. Classified 3 categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis

Hippocrates treatment

mental illness can be resolved by changing a person’s environment, occupation, or medications. Use exercise, tranquility, and bloodletting to establish humoral balance.

Bloodletting

restoring humoral balance. Humors are blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

Hysteria

specialized form of feminine mental illness due to wandering womb. Womb gets angry when the female has not had children for a while.

Renaissance and contagion era

mental illness is a contagious disease so the mentally ill were sent to the distant countryside or locked in hospitals. Start of separation and institutionalization.

Industrial revolution and the age of reason

Locked the mentally ill into punitive asylums because they were seen as nonproducive and nonessential. Bethlehem royal hospital was used to house “lunatics”

Dorothea Dix

advocated for compassionate care. Separate mental care from physical care. Led to the adoption of insane asylums that were overwhelmed causing them to morph into isolated facilities

Modern response to mental illness

Psychiatric professional claim mental illnesses are within their medical domain. Physical and therapeutic interventions including lobotomies, convulsive therapies, involuntary commitment, and forced drugging

True or false: forced drugging can still be used if medical testimony shows that medication is highly likely to lead to recovery or significant improvement

True

Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill

Mental health services transitioned from state asylums to community based programs creating separate problems. Left nonviolent mentally ill people to live on the street

Mental healthcare system

multi-agency, corporate-based, loosely arrayed service-delivery approach with a federal, state, and local level. 5 trillion dollars per year is spent on healthcare with 280 billion spend on mental healthcare.

Average length of stay in a psychiatric hospital

10 days

Mental healthcare is primarily delivered at what level

local but how well it is delivered and its accessibility is governed by federal and state laws

Federal actions of healthcare

regulates systems and providers, writes rules clarifying the implementation of laws including the 1990 Americans with Disability Act. Sets privacy standards, prohibits abuse, and fights discrimination. Significant contributor to funding through medicare and the veterans administration.

Who is the largest provider of funds for mental healthcare services

Medicare

State actions of healthcare

must abide by all state and federal laws. Receives funding from federal programs and must abide by funding guidelines but are free to design how the system works.

Public services

non-profit, operated by federal, state, or local governments.

Private services

Non-profit, or for-profit. Owned and operated by an individual, group of individuals, or incorporated entitiy

True or false: more than half of mental health appointments are conducted remotely through telehealth

True

Ferguson v. City of Charleston

Hospital mandated drug screening for all pregnant woman leading to the arrest of patients for drug offenses and child neglect. Unconstitutional as it is a nonconsensual search and seizure of their blood and an intrusion of privacy.

what percentage of police contact with mental illness persons was for noncriminal behavior

40%, majority for minor offenses

The mentally ill are more likely to be

victims than violent

Not in my backyard syndrome

in response to deinstitutionalization people did not want them living, working, or volunteering in their neighborhood.

Plato believed

the soul lived separately from the body

Aristotle believed

The brain is the seat of thought and the heart is the center of emotions

Modern mind v body

the mind and brain work as one with separate functions. Activity of the mind is associated with specific parts of the brain

Functionalism

mind is a function of the brain and the product of its physical activity.

True or false: humans are the only known biological creatures that store their knowledge outside themselves

True we pass information down through experiences and written information outside our brain

How is the mind like a book

Each brain are very similar to each other but it is the experiences and contents of the mind that are unique to each person.

Conscious level

First level consisting of our immediate thoughts. I am cold, i am anxious, i am hungry. These emotions show up even when the person isnt conscious of them

Preconscious level

memories, experiences, and stored knowledge. Readily accessible to the conscious mind. Immediate memories are retrieved. Immediately available for the conscious mind to retrieve our memories

Unconscious level

Fears, violent motives, immoral urges, irrational wishes, unacceptable sexual desires, and shameful experiences. Hidden self. Invisible to others and ourselves. Impulsive and uncontrollable thoughts

Where are our predictable and unpredictable behaviors located

The unconscious

Youth who report 5 or fewer hours of sleep are significantly more likely to

commit violent crimes due to low self-control

Gene Methylation

association between trauma and epigenetic alterations are passed down. Behavior and our environment influences genetic expression.

Field sobriety tests

assses a person’s reflexes and cognitive reflexes

According to the American Academy of Nuerology

Brain death occurs in individuals who sustain catastrophic brain injury without evidence of reflexive brain functionality. Lack of reflexive function must be permanent.

Many of are personality characteristics develop

in the womb, usually in the last trimester. Prenatal conditions including maternal mental health can influence our personality for a lifetime.

3 baseline classifications of personality

Positive(234,37%), neutral(112,18%), and negative(292,46%).

Introverts

quieter and more energized when alone. Better listeners, thicker portion of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex with more activity in the frontal lobes.

Extroverts

Verbalization, gain energy from being with others. Outgoing, charisma, and persuasive. Thinner and less gray matter in the perfrontal cortex causing them to take risks.

Neural pathways thrive with

love and attention. Infants who have no contact with an adult figure cannot attach affection to any human.

Brains of neglected babies have

fewer neural connections, fewer intellectual tracks, and ewer pathways on imagination and curiosity.

Galen and his 4 temperaments

sanguine (social), choleric (short-tempered), melancholic (analytic), and phlegmatic (relaxed)

Normative behavior

personality traits that make up a good or happy person

Non-normative behavior

personality traits that emerge with mental illness

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Most definitive and often used psychometric test. Must be administered by a professional clinician. Personality descriptions are generally positive with the extreme ends being disordered personality.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

One of the most administered psychometric tests. Assesses mental health, illnesses, and personality.

MMPI assesses

depression, psychopathy, paranoia, anxiety, bizarre thinking, and antisocial practices.

Law enforcement uses the MMPI to

screen out unsuitable recruits

The MMPI-3 is administered to

prison inmates to determine rehabilitation and threat level classification

Criticism of the MMPI

relies on interpretation, limited commonalities, and the language can be outside of the user’s comprehension level

Level of Personality Functioning-Scale-Quesionnaire-based implication association test

Developed to overcome racial and cultural influences presented in intelligence testing. Eliminates the influence of verbal intelligence factors.

Cognition

accumulation of information, intelligence, and cybernetic knowledge that informs the mind to process experiences and then translate the experiences into language and intellectual action

IQ tests

diagnosis learning disabilities. Do not measure talent, artistry, social adeptness, or normalcy. Does provide some prediction of academic success.

Criticism of IQ tests

they do not evaluate the strengths of right brained people like creative writing or music composition. Fails to address cultural, linguistic, and intellectual influences

Brainwashing

mind control when a person abandons critical thinking to accept complete dependency on external influences and people. Surrendering one’s own identity. Based on manipulation techniques.

Permanence of reversing brainwashing depends on

an individuals personality, motivation, and their supportive environment

Stimulating the brain with low levels of electricity is used to treat

motor disorders like parkinson’s disease and epileptic seizures and psychiatric conditions such as OCD

Human Connectome Project

Catalog brain maps with the mental recognition of objects and emotions. Allows the identification of interrupted neurological pathologies based on distorted/non-responsive reactions.

Augmentation

combination of medicine to dilute psychological disorders. Effective in acute onset of mental decline and prevent relapses but effects are unclear for long term.

True or false: no one knows what people need to be brain-healthy

True, ideas do not have enough scientific scrutiny

Bergland’s athletes way

for a healthy brain engage in daily physicality. Encourages intellectual curiosity, fostering creativity, creating social bonds, establishing connectedness, and maintaining caloric intake

True or false: when physical or mental illness occurs there are rarely overt signs

True

Physical movement can

spur the growth of new brain cells, boos cognition, can release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine

My Resilience in Adolescence

Prevalence inflation. Mislabeling mild or temporary symptoms as mental health disorders. Self-labeling

Co-rumination is higher in

girls, more attuned to their friends

The MBTI (Myers briggs) has

16 personality clusters

Analyst MBTI

logician, architect, commander, and debater

Diplomat MBTI

Advocate (quiet, idealist), mediator (poetic kind), protagonist (charismatic, inspiring), campaigner (enthusiastic, creative)

Sentinels MBTI

logistician (practical), defender (dedicated), executive (managing), consul (caring and popular)

Explorer MBTI

Virtuoso (bold, practical), adventurer (flexible, charming), entrepreneur (smart, energetic), entertainer (spontaneous, energetic)

For cognitive function a healthy brain

is evidence of the ability to engage in cognitive reason

Since 1993, investigation into mental and brain scans with MRIs have increased by at least

200%

Theories

concepts and highly organized statements based on systematically studying a phenomenon or class of phenomena

Rules of a theory

Must precede outcome in time (temporal), a statistical relationship must exist, and there must be an absence of spurious relationships.

Theories are applied to

predict an outcome, specify when and under what conditions something is likely to occur

What is the standard experiment

controlled with double-blind since it is the most valid

Cohort

Longitudinal, examines similar groups over time, no individual change

Trend

Longitudinal. What is happening to similar groups through time. Does not look at the same individuals or same groups

Census

collecting information from everyone in the population. Expensive and difficult.

Case study

in-depth examination of individuals or events that reveal important finding about the object of study