ANSC 3306 exam 2 review - Thomas, TTU Fall 25

What causes Colibacillosis?

1. E. Coli, a gram negative bacteria

2. Pilus antigens (facillitates attachment to surfaces)

3. Enterotoxins (produced by E. coli)

What is the pathogenesis of Colibacillosis?

1. Pili attachment to small intestine

2. Enterotoxin secretion

3. Hypersecretory diarrhea (losing fluid through GIT, no absorption)

4. Minimal villous cell damage

What are the clinical signs of Colibacillosis?

1. Age: 1-3 days through 23 weeks post weaning

2. White/yellow diarrhea; no blood; wet, straight tails

3. Dehydration

4. Stunting

5. Variable mortality & morbidity

6. Most severe in the first week of life

What are the treatment options for Colibacillosis?

1. Antibiotics such as gentomycin, spectinomycin, ceftiofur (Naxcel)

2. Supportive care: Electrolytes, transfer pigs, hand raising

What are prevention options for Colibacillosis?

1. Correct conditions that make pigs succeptible to disease

2. Vaccinate sows

3. Cross fostering pigs to sow that has colostrum

What are conditions that may make a pig succeptible to Colibacillosis?

1. Lack of colostrum (FPT)

2. Chilling: temperature should not fall below 70f around piglets

3. Insufficient milk

4. Filth and dampness

What are the 3 types/syndromes of post-weaning Colibacillosis?

1. Per acute immidate post-weaning (sudden death)

2. Acute and subacute immediate post-weaning (most common syndrome, stress related)

3. Edema disease: 2 weeks post-weaning (secretes endotoxin)

What causes clostridial scours?

1. Clostridium perfringens type C

2. Exotoxin produced by Clos. P.

What is the pathogenesis of C. perfringens?

Soil borne spores that contaminate breeding swine through feed. Sow sheds organisms through feces during stressful times like farrowing and lactation

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens in Per Acute cases?

Death due to absorption of exotoxins with no time for diarrhea to develop

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens in Acute cases?

1. Bloody diarrhea

2. Rare to respond to treatment

3. Necrosis & hemorrhage of the SI mucosa due to exotoxin

4. 100% mortality/mordibity is usual

5. common by 2 days of age

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens in subacute cases?

1. Presents 1 week of age through weaning

2. Less common & has low mortality

3. Diarrhea (no blood)

4. Poor growth rate

What are the treatment options for C. Perfringens?

1. None in per acute and acute cases

2. Penicillin PO or IM

3. Antitoxin (binds to toxins)

What are the prevention options for C. Perfringens?

1. Commercial bacteria/toxoid may be administered twice to sows prefarrowing

2. Antibiotics in sow ration prior to or throughout lactation

3. Sanitation

What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus?

1. Replicates in the villous cells of the SI.

2. Replicaiton causes cell lysis and malabsorption diarrhea

3. Moderate villous atrophy

What are the clinical signs of rotavirus?

1. Affects 2 wk old pigs

2. Profuse, Watery, Pasty, and curd-like scours

3. Occasional vomiting

4. dehydration and rough hair coat

What are the treatment and prevention options for Rotavirus?

1. Self-limiting (goes away on its own)

2. Supportive care

3. Commercial vaccines for sows prefarrowing (may be ineffective)

4. Most milk is protective from disease through IgA

What causes Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?

TGE coronavirus

How to TGE spread?

1. Direct contact (fecal-oral)

2. Mechanical spread (migrating birds, humans)

3. Worse in winter when buildings are closed

What is the pathogenesis of TGE?

1. Extreme villous atrophy in acute TGE

2. Damage is to a lesser degree in endemic TGE

What are the clinical signs of TGE?

1. All pigs can be affected, high mortality (100%) mainly in unweaned piglets

2. Projectile watery, dark green diarrhea, has a foul necrotic smell

3. Vomiting

4. Nurse until death

5. Endemic (chronic) TGE

Describe what occurs in "nurse to death" for clinical signs.

1. Stomach becomes full of curdled milk, but their SI cant absorb nutrients which leads to

- Dehydration

- Hypoglycemia

- Electrolyte imbalance

Describe clinical signs of endemic (chronic) TGE.

1. Diarrhea (mild-severe and sporadic) in older pigs

2. +/- vomiting

3. Variable morbidity and mortality (20+%)

What are the treatment options for TGE?

1. Supportive care (esp. electrolytes)

2. Feed-back of baby pig intestines (feed intestines of dead piglet to other piglets for cross protection)

3. Commercial killed vaccine (TG-Emune) for acute outbreaks

What are the prevention options for TGE?

1. Biosecurity

2. Vaccinate (most dont due to cost)

What is the cause of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)

Coronavirus (related to TGE)

What are the clinical signs of PEDV?

1. Severe diarrhea (all ages)

2. Vomiting

3. High mortality in pre-weaning pigs (almost 100%)

How is PEDV diagnosed?

Sample submission to lab

How is PEDV spread?

1. Direct: Fecal-oral

2. Fomites - trucks, boots, clothing

What are the immunity and protection options for PEDV?

1. Effective materal protection through colostrum

2. No protection is long lasting (herds can re-break)

3. Vaccine studies are in progress: no cross protection between TGE 7 PEDV

What are the treatment options for PEDV?

Supportive care: hydration, clean, dry environment

What are the prevention options for PEDV?

1. Limit cross contamination

2. Biosecurity

3. Replacement breeding stock should originate from a negative herd

4. Quarantine

What all does biosecurity include?

1. Transportation vehicles should be cleared, disinfected, and dry

2. Disinfectants (formalin, sodium carbonate, lipid solvents, strong iodophors)

What is the cause of Proliferative Ileitis?

Lawsonia Intracellularis, a gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria

What does proliferative ileitis mean?

Thickening and imflammation of the wall of the small intestine

How is proliferative ileitis transmitted?

1. Other affected species

2. Rodents could be source of new infection

3. Shed in feces: fecal-oral transmission

What other species does proliferative ileitis affect?

1. Hamster

2. Dog

3. Fox

4. Ferret

5. Horse

6. Rat

7. Rabbit

What is the pathogenesis of proliferative ileitis?

1. Organism enters the immature, proliferating crypt epithelial cells and multiply within the apical(top) cytoplasm

2. Crypt cells fail to mature and are not shed - becomes elongated and tortuous

3. Massive hemorrhage within infective proliferative mucosa

What pigs are affected by proliferative ileitis?

Weaning to finishing pigs, icluding breeding gilts

What are the clinical signs of proliferative ileitis?

1. Acute (usually follows stress) - proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)

2. Chronic: subclinical - Proliverative Enteropathy (PE)

Describe what occurs in PHE form of proliferative ileitis?

1. Always seen after weaning; sudden death

2. Bloody diarrhea

3. Black tarry feces

4. Anemia

Describe what occurs in PE form of proliferative ileitis?

1. decreased weight gain

2. Variable ssizes

3. reduced fee conversion

4. Effects of fecal consistency

What are differential diagnosis' of proliferative ileitis?

1. Hemorrhagic diarrhea in piglets caused by: C. Perfringens & B. Hyodysenteriae

2. Hemorrhagic enteritis in older pigs caused by: Salmonella spp., Lawsonia I., and Trichuris suis

What can be observed during a necropsy of a pig with proliferative ileitis?

1. Gross lesions (ileum, cecum, and proximal 1.3 of spiral colon of PE

2. Gross lesions (ileum; rarely involes the large bowel) of PHE

What are the treatment options for proliferative ileitis?

1. Mass vaccinate with live culture

2. May be self-limiting

3. Antibiotics (unknown sensitivities, Tyrosine)

What are the prevention options for proliferative ileitis?

1. Use source free of clinical PE

2. Quarantine newly introduced pigs and house separately

What is Swine Dysentery?

Severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea pigs of postweaning age

What is Swine Dysentery caused by?

Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae, a gram negative anaerobic spirochete

Diets rich in rapidly fermentable CHO may exacerbate the clinical signs of Swine Dysentery. True or False?

True

What are the clinical signs of Swine Dysentery?

1. Peracute death - rare

2. Severe diarrhea and fever

Describe Severe diarrhea and fever for the condition of swine dysentery.

1. Watery with mucous and flecks of blood and white, mucofibrinous exudate

2. Acute or chronic

What is Brachyspira Pilosicoli?

1. Newer species that causes porcine colonic spirochetosis

2. nonfatal diarrheal disease that affects growing/finishing pigs

How is Swine Dysentery transmitted?

1. Fecal-oral

2. Direct contamination between naive and infected pigs

3. Contaminated housing, equipment, or clothing

4. Readily elimiated with disinfectant

5. Recovered pigs may still shed

What is noted on a necropsy of a pig with Swine Dysentery?

1. Gross lesions:

- Primarily in large bowel

What is the pathogenesis of Swine Dysentery?

1. B. Hyodysenteriae penetrates mucous and attaches to colonic epithelium, but do not invade below the laminate propria

2. Produces a hemolysin that is cytotoxic and an endotoxin

3. Colonic malabsorption due to failure of colonic epithelial cells to transport Na+ and Cl- from lumen to the blood

4. Dehydration and fluid loss due to falure to reabsorb the pigs endogenous secretions

How is swine dysentery diagnosed?

1. Culture or PCR

2. Histopath: Warthin-Starry stain

What are the prevention options for Swine Dysentery?

Purchase pigs from SPF herd since it is usually introduced through a new asymptomatic pig

Describe how to control Swine Dysentery.

1. Isolation and treatment or euthanasia of affected pigs

2. Sanitation

3. Wild rodents can be reservoir, so rodent control

What are the treatment options for Swine Dysentery?

1. Fluid and electrolyte replacement

2. Antibiotics (Cerbadox, Tiamulin, Lincomycin)

What is the cause of Atrophic Rhinitis?

1. Bordetella bronchiseptica

2. Pasteurella multocida (most common secondary invader that intensifies the disease

How is Atrophic Rhinitis transmitted?

1. Infected shedder sow that infects her litter trhough breathing or sneezing

2. Aerosolized in farrowing house and nursery

3. Exposure to non-swine sources, such as cats

What are the clinical signs of Atrophic Rhinitis?

1. Sneezing, sniffling, snorting, coughing

2. Excessive tearing and staining

3. Clear to yellowish-white discharge from nostrils +/- blood

4. Twisting and/or shortening and thickening of nose. may cause missaligned teeth

5. Pneumonia, maybe

6. All ages can be affected

7. Environmental stressors (overcrowding, cold, damp, or drafty conditions)

What are the treatment options for Atrophic Rhinitis?

1. Correct deficiencies in the environment

2. Vaccinations (polyvalent against Pasturella and Bordetella)

3. Antimicrobials

What is the cause of Swine Influenza?

1. Swine Influenza Virus Type A

2. H1N1 has wild host range (humans and birds) and interspecies transmission can readily occur

3. Human H3N2 can infect pigs

How is Swine Influenza transmitted?

1. Direct contact with nasal secretions

2. Aerosolized; spreads rapidly

3. New animals entering herd

4. No carrier state

What are the clinical signs of Swine Influenza?

1. Coughing (barking)

2. Conjunctivitis, Rhinitis

3. Fever

4 Reluctant to move

5. Rapid, jerky breathing (thumping)

6. Decreased appetitem weakness, depression

7. Rectal prolapse

8. Low mortality

9. Affects whole herd rapidly (near 100% morbidity) and resolves in about a week

What are the treatment options for Swine Influenza?

Supportive care only, disease runs its course

What are the prevention options for Swine Influenza?

1. H1N1 vaccine

2. Prevent influx of aminals from unknown sources

3. Prevent contact with birds and infected humans

What is the cause of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?

1. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae

2. M. Hyopneumoniae in combo with P. Multocida, which is considered "common swine pneumonia" or enzootic pneumonia

3. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)

Describe Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC).

1. Concurrect infection with PRRS

2. in young pigs will cause; Malaise, anorexia, fever, thumping, possible death

What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?

1. 3-6 month old pigs commonly affect

2. Dry, non-productive, persistent cough; most evident after activity

3. Stunting

4. Rough hair coat

5. Sometimes no signs present

6. Good appetite; but unthrifty

7. joint swelling (caused by M. Hyosynovia)

What are the treatment options for Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?

1. Antimicrobials

2. Supportive care (self-limiting)

What are the prevention options for Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?

1. Vaccination (Respisure - killed)

2. Management (clean/isolation)

What is the cause of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae (APP)?

Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae type 1 and type 5

How is Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae transmitted?

Respiratory tract secretions through direct contact or aerosolization

What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae?

1. In pigs 8-26 weeks old

2. Severe form of pneumonia

3. Sudden death; sudden onset

4. Thumping

5. Bloody discharge from nostrils of dying hogs

6. If they recover they grow slower and may suffer recurrect pneumonia episodes

What are the treatment options for Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae?

1. Antimicrobials

2. Management

What are the prevention options for Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae?

1. Vaccination (Pleuroguard-4)

What is the cause of Circovirus?

Procine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

- Stable in the environment

- Resistant to many disinfectants

What is another name for Circovirus?

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)

What are the clinical signs of Circovirus?

1. Progressive loss of body condition

2. Enlarged lymph nodes (external/internal)

3. Dyspnea

4. Diarrhea

5. Anemia - pale skin

6. Sudden death

What is the pathogenesis of Circovirus?

May target monocytes and macrophages found in the lung, tonsil, spleen, and lympth nodes leaving the animal immunosuppressed

What are the additional associated diseases for Circovirus?

1. Reproductive failure

2. PRDC (Porcine Respiratory disease complex): finishing pigs

3. PDNS (Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)

4. Gastric ulcers

How is Circovirus diagnosed?

Widespread disease, so most pigs are positive on blood test even without clinical signs

What are the treatment options for Circovirus?

None

What are the prevention options for Circovirus?

1. Good productions practices

2. Biosecurity

3 Vaccinate

What is the cause of Salmonellosis?

Motile, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic gram nagetive bacilli

1. Salmonella Choleraesuis

2. Salmonella typhimurium

3. Salmonella typhisuis

Describe Salmonella Choleraesuis.

1. Most frequent; invasive

2. fairly host-specific

3. Scepticemia

4. Pneumonia

What are the clinical signs of Salmonella Choleraesuis?

1. Cough

2. Dyspnea

3. Cyanosis of ears and ventral abdomen

4. Pyrexia (105-107f)

5. Jaundice

6. Watery yellow diarrhea

7. Abortion in breeding sows

8. Can affect all ages, most common in 3wks to 5 months

Describe Salmonella typhimurium.

1. Second most common

2. Not host-specific

3. Entercolitis

4. Zoonotic

What are the clinical signs of Salmonella Typhimurium?

1. Acute or chornic entercolitis that is sporatically hemorrhagic

2. Watery and yellpw diarrhea initially

3. Anorexia, pyrexia and dehydration

4. Death

5. Usually afects pigs aged 3wks-4 months

6. Some will be carriers and shed for months

What are the clinical signs of Salmonella Typhisuis?

1. Localized epizootics

2. Chronic wasting

3. Caseous lymphadenitis

4. Diarrhea

5. Pneumonia

What is the Epizootiology and transmission of Salmonella typhisuis?

1. Other swine and environments comtainated by swine

2. Vertical transmission

3. Horizontal transmission (Fecal-oral or nasal secretions)

4. Survivors can become carriers

5. Stress usually procedes disease

6 Feed and feed ingredients

What are the prevention and control options for Salmonellosis?

1. Eliminate stressors

2. Practice good sanitation

3. Sanitary, pest-free facilities for preparing/storing feed

4. PCR assay (ID's organisms in feces and intestinal mucosa scrapings

5. MLV for S. choleraesuis (only for pigs)

6. Medicated feed and water

What are the treatment options for Salmonellosis?

1. Should not be treated becuase of carrier state and some isolates may be pathogenic for humans

2. Antibiotics (TMS, Ceftiofur, Gentamicin)

What is the cause of Glasser's disease (Haemophilus, Porcine Polyserositis, Infectious Polyarthritis)?

Haemophilus Parasuis, small gram negative pleomorphic coccibacilli

- There are 15 serovars (2,4,5,12,13, and 15 are in the US) of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains

What is a serovar?

a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.

What are the clinical signs of Glasser's disease?

1. in pigs between 3wks to 4mo

2. If endemic, signs may be mild w/ low morbidity

3. Pyrexia (104-107f)

4. Anorexia, Depression

5. Neurolocial signs

6. Dyspnea

7. Death

8. Abortion

9. Chronic arthritis

What are the possible differential diagnoses of Glasser's disease?

1. Mycoplasma Hyorhinis (arthritis)

2. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae (Septicemia)

3. Salmonella Choleraesuis (Septicemia)

4. Streptococcus suis (Septicemia)

How is Glasser's disease transmitted?

1. Can be cultured from the nasal cavity

2. Only known to infect swine, so carrier species are unlikely