System Physio Exam 2

When you put an antihistamine cream on, you are targeting:

neutrophils

basophils

lymphocytes

eosinophils

basophils

Your roommate suspected that he has the common cold after experiencing running nose for a week. However, while discussing the lab work, he mentioned that the test depicted an increase in eosinophils. Which one of these is correct?

He has a bacterial infection and not the common cold

He is right, he has the common cold

He has allergies and not the common cold

The test result is insufficient to determine a diagnosis

He has allergies and not the common cold

Which of these is responsible for reducing blood loss from a damaged vessel?

Lymphocyte

Neutrophil

Erythrocyte

Monocyte

Thrombocyte

Thrombocyte

A person is exhibiting low oxygen-carrying capacity, bleeding due to clotting disorder, and also immune system suppression. Which of these are they suffering from?

Hemorrhagic anemia

Aplastic anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Renal anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

Aplastic anemia

If there's a blood clot in a blood vessel that is causing friction between the blood and the blood vessel, it would cause this:

increase blood flow

decrease blood pressure

cause peripheral resistance

increase as blood viscosity decreases

cause peripheral resistance

One of these is NOT a major function of blood:

Transportation of nutrients

Blood pH regulation

Transportation of heat

Protection against infection

Production of oxygen

Production of oxygen

You would NOT see this in circulating blood:

Formed elements

Leukocytes

Plasma

Hemocytoblasts

Platelets

Hemocytoblasts

A patient was injected with erythropoietin, what would you expect to see ____________:

decreased white blood cell count

decreased reticulocyte count

decreased platelet

increased white blood cell count

increased reticulocyte count

increased reticulocyte count

Choose the best definition of anemia:

A condition where blood does not clot properly

A condition where blood cells are destroyed/lysed by the immune system

None of these describes anemia

A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

A condition where there is excessive bleeding

A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

Which of these is FALSE regarding thrombocytopenia?

It can be caused by destruction of bone marrow

It may produce petechiae

It is usually caused by low platelet count

It increases the risk of embolism

It increases the risk of embolism

One of these is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

Bundle branches

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

Which of these is true?

The right side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pum

Equal or same volumes of blood are pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits at any moment

All arteries transport oxygenated blood

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

Equal or same volumes of blood are pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits at any moment

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the:

Right atrium

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Left atrium

One of these does NOT bring blood directly into the right atrium:

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Coronary sinus

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Blood that is being pumped out of the left ventricle enters the:

vena cava

pulmonary artery

coronary sinus

lungs

aorta

aorta

What would happen if the mitral valve does not close properly?

Blood could backflow into the left atrium

Blood could backflow into the right ventricle

Blood could backflow into the left ventricle

Blood could backflow into the right atrium

Blood could backflow into the left atrium

Why is the left ventricular wall of the heart thicker than the right ventricular wall?

pump blood through a smaller valve

accommodate a greater volume of blood

pump blood with greater pressure

expand the thoracic cage during relaxation

pump blood with greater pressure

The rapid depolarization seen in cardiac muscle cells are caused by:

opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels

closing of voltage-gated sodium channels

opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

closing of voltage-gated potassium channels

opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels

opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels

The "pacemaker potential" of pacemaker cells is produced due to:

opening of slow Na+ channels

opening of K+ channels

opening of fast Ca2+ channels

opening of slow Ca2+ channels

opening of slow Na+ channels

What does the P wave represent in an EKG?

depolarization of the atria

depolarization of the ventricles

repolarization of the ventricles

repolarization of the atria

depolarization of the atria

Choose when all four heart valves will be closed:

All of ventricular diastole

All of ventricular systole

Ventricular ejection

Isovolumetric contraction

Isovolumetric contraction

What would happen to the end diastolic volume (EDV) when there's an increase in heart rate, however, there's a decrease in contraction

ESV is not affected by contraction force

It would decrease

It would remain the same or constant

It would increase

It would decrease

The _________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole

End-systolic volume

Stroke volume

Star-diastolic volume

End-diastolic volume

Ejection fraction

End-diastolic volume

When there's an abnormal heart sounds which is usually caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves, we call this:

fibrillations

asystole

ectopic foci

murmurs

murmurs

Where would you hear the 2nd heart sound?

During ventricular ejection

During isovolumetric relaxation

During ventricular filling

During isovolumetric contraction

During isovolumetric relaxation

Which of these is true during the period of ventricular filling?

Pressure in the heart is at a maximum

Blood is flowing passively from the atria through the AV valves into the ventricles

The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open

The atria remains in diastole

Blood is flowing passively from the atria through the AV valves into the ventricles

If other factors are constant according to the Frank-Starling Law:

a higher EDV will produce a higher SV

a higher SV will produce a higher EDV

a higher SV will produce a lower EDV

a higher EDV will produce a lower SV

a higher EDV will produce a higher SV

If the EDV is 130 ml/beat and ESV is 60 ml/beat, the stroke volume would be:

60 ml/beat

70 ml/beat

190 ml/beat

130 ml/beat

70 ml/beat

Which one of these event is occurring at the same time as atrial systole?

Blood is being pumped into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Blood will be pumped into the ventricles

The ventricles will also be in systole

The AV valves will be closed

Blood will be pumped into the ventricles

You are listening to the heart sounds during auscultation, which one of these is associated with heart sounds?

The heart valves are opening

Blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles

The SA node is firing

The heart valves are closing

The heart valves are closing

Identify the phase: the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open:

systolic ejection phase

early diastolic filling phase

late diastolic filling phase

atrial systole

systolic ejection phase

Which of these would distribute excitation to the contractile cells?

Conducting cells

Pacemaker cells

Other contractile cells

Intercalated cells

Conducting cells

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

left atrium

left ventricle

right ventricle

right atrium

right atrium

Blood flowing from the venae cavae flows next through the ____________ valve

bicuspid

tricuspid

mitral

pulmonary semilunar

aortic semilunar

tricuspid

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called:

Systole

Hyperpolarization

Depolarization

Diastole

Diastole

The right ventricle pumps blood to the:

left ventricle

left atrium

aorta

right and left lungs

right atrium

right and left lungs

Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through this circuit.

Systemic

Pulmonary

Oxygen

Body

Pulmonary

The long plateau of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to:

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane

increased membrane permeability to potassium ion

calcium channels remaining open

the movement of few sodium ions crossing the cell membrane

calcium channels remaining open

If the SA node is not able to send impulses to the AV node, what would happen?

the ventricles will beat more slowly

the ventricular beat will not change

the ventricles will beat faster

the atria will contract more forcefully

the ventricles will beat more slowly

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, this would occur.

the cells will depolarize

the cells will hyperpolarize

 the heart rate will decrease and the cells will hyperpolarize

the heart rate will decrease

the heart rate will increase

 the heart rate will decrease and the cells will hyperpolarize

Which one of these is a type of hypovolemic shock?

Shock caused by neural collapse

A condition whereby the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

Anaphylactic shock

Shock that results from large-scale blood volume loss, or due to severe vomiting or diarrhea

Shock that results from large-scale blood volume loss, or due to severe vomiting or diarrhea

A patient with a BP of 220/140 mmHg. This hypertensive state could result in all of these EXCEPT:

increased damage to the tunica intima of the blood vessel

increased incidence of coronary artery disease

increased work of the left ventricle

decreased size of the heart muscle

decreased size of the heart muscle

An obese patient who has significant amounts of fat tissue can expect all of these physiological changes EXCEPT: (Choose the least likely option that will occur)

Higher blood pressure

Increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

Higher peripheral resistance

Lower heart rate and reduced blood volume

Lower heart rate and reduced blood volume

Select the correct factor that can influence blood pressure:

An increase in cardiac output would cause a decrease in blood pressure, due to increased delivery to organs and tissue

Excess protein transport, such as albumin would decrease blood pressure

Excess red blood cell production would cause an increase in blood pressure

Vasodilation would cause increase in blood pressure, due to blood being diverted to essential areas

Excess red blood cell production would cause an increase in blood pressure

As blood goes from arteries to veins:

pressure increases

viscosity of blood changes

the flow becomes turbulent

the diameter gets smaller

pressure decreases

pressure decreases

Which of these is true about a small vessel diameter?

has a greater blood flow

less resistance to blood flow

has the same amount of pressure as resistance to a larger diameter

has a greater resistance to blood flow

has a greater resistance to blood flow

Which of these does NOT aid in venous return?

Pressure changes in the thorax such as breathing

Urinary output

Venous valves

Activity of skeletal muscles such as exercising

Urinary output

If an individual has a blood pressure of 122/75. What is their diastolic BP?

122

197

47

75

75

You are watching your favorite medical TV show where a patient has lost a significant amount of blood, but still maintains a normal blood pressure. This does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion, rather, which of these explains why this is so?

The heart has increased its contraction to increase its cardiac output

All of these are correct

The heart rate has increased to increase cardiac output

The blood vessels are constricting which is causing a greater peripheral resistance

The blood vessels are constricting which is causing a greater peripheral resistance

If you have a blood pressure of 100/65. What is your pulse pressure?

100

165

65

35

35

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

The volume of the lungs would decrease

The volume of the thorax would decrease

Expiration would occur

The lungs would shrink 

The volume of the thorax would increase

The volume of the thorax would increase

The most damage to the heart would result if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood due to:

lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways

inadequate supply of lactic acid

less availability of mitochondria for energy production

less oxygen delivery

less oxygen delivery

The process by which gases are dissolved between blood and interstitial fluids is called:

cellular respiration

pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

breathing

internal respiration

internal respiration

Inspiration occurs when ________ is less than:

alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure

None of these are correct

thoracic cavity volume; lung volume

alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure

When air leaks into the intrapleural space, this is called:

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension

Pneumonia

Pneumothorax

Which term describes a blockage in the coronary circulation?

Congestive heart failure

phlebitis

atherosclerosis

embolism

coronary artery disease

coronary artery disease

Which one of these depicts Boyle's law concerning the relationship between pressure and volume?

The pressure and volume of a gas are equal

The total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressure

As the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

When would air move out of the lungs?

when the pressure inside the lungs is less than intrapulmonic or alveolar pressure

when pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure in the atmosphere

When pressure inside the lungs is greater than intraalveolar pressure

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

When active inspiratory and expiratory movements and use of accessory muscles are needed to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of intercostal and abdominal muscles are needed, this is considered:

Forced breathing

Normal breathing (eupnea)

Passive breathing

Vital breathing

Forced breathing

Air will move out of the lungs if the pressure inside the lungs is _____________

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

If you have a blood pressure of 100/65. What is your pulse pressure?

100

35

65

165

35

When the lumen of a vessel increases, the correct term is __________, and occurs when smooth muscle ___________

vasodilation; contracts

vasoconstriction; relaxes

vasodilation; relaxes

vasoconstriction; contracts

vasodilation; relaxes

Which of these is true about a small vessel diameter?

has a greater resistance to blood flow

less resistance to blood flow

has a greater blood flow

has the same amount of pressure as resistance to a larger diameter

has a greater resistance to blood flow

What would happen if the blood vessel diameter increases?

There would be no change to the peripheral resistance

Peripheral resistance has no effect on blood vessel diameter

Peripheral resistance would decrease

Peripheral resistance would increase

Peripheral resistance would decrease

As blood goes from arteries to veins:

the flow becomes turbulent

pressure decreases

the diameter gets smaller

pressure increases

viscosity of blood changes

pressure decreases

Which one of these is a type of hypovolemic shock?

Shock caused by neural collapse

A condition whereby the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

Shock that results from large-scale blood volume loss, or due to severe vomiting or diarrhea

Anaphylactic shock

Shock that results from large-scale blood volume loss, or due to severe vomiting or diarrhea

If an individual has a blood pressure of 122/75. What is their diastolic BP?

47

75

197

122

75

Which of these is true during exercise:

All of these are correct

both cardiac output and stroke volume increases

vasodilation occurs at the skeletal muscles

Venous return increases

All of these are correct

Blood pressure is lowest here:

Large veins

Large arterie

Arterioles

Capillaries

Large veins

An obese patient who has significant amounts of fat tissue can expect all of these physiological changes EXCEPT: (Choose the least likely option that will occur)

Higher peripheral resistance

Increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

Lower heart rate and reduced blood volume

Higher blood pressure

Lower heart rate and reduced blood volume

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

The volume of the lungs would decrease

The volume of the thorax would decrease

Expiration would occur

The lungs would shrink 

The volume of the thorax would increase

The volume of the thorax would increase

The most damage to the heart would result if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood due to:

lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways

inadequate supply of lactic acid

less availability of mitochondria for energy production

less oxygen delivery

less oxygen delivery

The process by which gases are dissolved between blood and interstitial fluids is called:

cellular respiration

pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

breathing

internal respiration

internal respiration

Inspiration occurs when ________ is less than:

alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure

None of these are correct

thoracic cavity volume; lung volume

alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure

When air leaks into the intrapleural space, this is called:

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension

Pneumonia

Pneumothorax

Which term describes a blockage in the coronary circulation?

Congestive heart failure

phlebitis

atherosclerosis

embolism

coronary artery disease

coronary artery disease

Which one of these depicts Boyle's law concerning the relationship between pressure and volume?

The pressure and volume of a gas are equal

The total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressure

As the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

When would air move out of the lungs?

when the pressure inside the lungs is less than intrapulmonic or alveolar pressure

when pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure in the atmosphere

When pressure inside the lungs is greater than intraalveolar pressure

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

When active inspiratory and expiratory movements and use of accessory muscles are needed to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of intercostal and abdominal muscles are needed, this is considered:

Forced breathing

Normal breathing (eupnea)

Passive breathing

Vital breathin

Forced breathing

Air will move out of the lungs if the pressure inside the lungs is _____________

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

An individual has had too many alcoholic drinks. Since alcohol is a systemic vasodilator and it increases urine volume, thereby decreasing blood volume. What can the body to maintain cardiac output?

Increase heart rate

Increase total peripheral resistance

None of these is correct

Decrease heart rate

Increase heart rate

Which of these is correct about the differences between a trained athlete and a sedentary individual at rest?

The athlete would have a higher heart rate and smaller stroke

The athlete would have a lower heart rate and a larger stroke volume

The athlete would have a higher heart rate and a larger stroke volume

The athlete would have a lower heart rate and smaller stroke volume

The athlete would have a lower heart rate and a larger stroke volume

Which of these is true about the pulmonary circulatory route?

left atrium to the left ventricle

right atrium to the right ventricle

right ventricle to the left atrium

left ventricle to the coronary sinus

left ventricle to the right atrium

right ventricle to the left atrium

Which of these would lead to an increase in the afterload for the ventricles thereby lowering the stroke volume and cardiac output?

hypertension

hypotension

increased venous return

decreased venous return

hypertension

Arterial systolic pressure occurs ___________ while arterial diastolic pressure occurs ____________

during an isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle; during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

during the middle of the phase of ventricular ejection; just before the semilunar valve opens

at the same time as the P wave of the ECG; at the same time as the T wave of the ECG

at the same time as closure of the semilunar valves; at the same time as closure of the AV valves

during the middle of the phase of ventricular ejection; just before the semilunar valve opens

Which of these is most likely to occur when a soldier stands for a long period of time, very still and standing erect?

Decreased pressure in the capillaries of the feet

Increased absorption of interstitial fluid by the capillaries of the feet

Increased venous return

Increased blood flow to the brain

Increased storage of blood in the veins of the feet and legs

Increased storage of blood in the veins of the feet and legs

While listening to a patient's heart, you heard a murmur. This is usually due to abnormalities of:

AV node

myocardium

valves

SA node

valves

Which of these does NOT describe hypertension?

It is usually defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg

Hypertension refers to a chronic state of elevated blood pressure

Hypertension may be caused by kidney disease

It is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output

It is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output

Contraction of the ventricles would lead blood to move directly into:

the capillaries

the arteries

through the AV valve

the veins

the arteries

You are dissecting a species of amphibian that has just been discovered in the rainforest. You find a blood vessel where the blood travels at a low pressure and velocity. If the frog is in an upright position, blood flow through this vessel would also be against gravity. Anatomically, what do you expect of this blood vessel?

Valves that allow only one-way flow of blood

a thick muscular wall

a high degree of compliance

All of these are correct

Valves that allow only one-way flow of blood

Tidal volume is:

forcibly expelled after normal expiration

air inhaled after normal inspiration

air exchanged during normal breathing

air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

air exchanged during normal breathing

Choose the best answer: Asthma is:

a collapsed lung due to lack or insufficient surfactant

fluid buildup in the alveoli

due an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles

caused by a respiratory infection such as COVID-19

due an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles

Inadequate production of surfactant which leads to collapse of the alveoli is termed:

pneumothorax

emphysema

COPD

Pulmonary embolism

respiratory distress syndrome

respiratory distress syndrome

Damage to type II pneumocytes would result in:

expansion of the alveoli

a loss of surfactant

All of these are correct

an increased rate of gas exchange

decreased surface tension in the alveoli

a loss of surfactant

Which one of these would occur in a case of emphysema?

All of these answers are correct

elevated PCO2 in the blood

damage to alveolar surfaces

depressed PO2 in the blood

increase in compliance

All of these answers are correct

While reviewing the PFT (pulmonary function test) of a patient, which of these would you expect to find in a patient with normal lung function?

Expiratory reserve volume 500 mL

Inspiratory capacity 2,000 mL

Inspiratory reserve volume 1,500 mL

Tidal volume 500 mL

Tidal volume 500 mL

What do you call the obstructive lung disease in which alveolar surfaces are damaged and the respiratory surface is reduced?

Pneumonia

Acute bronchitis

Asthma

Emphysema

Emphysema

Which of these would determine the direction of oxygen and carbon dioxide movement?

the molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

partial pressure gradient

solubility in water

the temperature

partial pressure gradient

Jim was playing rugby when he was tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can feel the rib sticking through the stick and he is having a difficult time breathing. Jim is probably suffering from:

asthma

pulmonary fibrosis

a bruised diaphragm

decreased surfactant production

a pneumothorax

a pneumothorax

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide would be greatest in the:

venous blood

inspired air

arterial blood

expired air

alveolar air

venous blood