ap psychology unit 6 learning- operant conditioning/other learning

edward thorndike

law of effect: reinforced behavior is likely to occur

bf skinner

behaviorist

positive reinforcement

a desired stimulus that increases the behavior it follows, the addition of this thing increases the behavior it follows

negative reinforcement

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus increases the behavior it follows

primary reinforcers

can reinforce behavior without any learning occurring

secondary reinforcers

can gain reinforcing power through their association with a primary reinforcer

token economy

a type of operant conditioning where an organism earns points and uses them to earn a desired reinforcer

shaping

reinforcing “successive approximations” as the organism gets closer and closer to the desired end behavior

fixed ratio

behavior makes reinforcement come, reinforcement comes after a set number of responses

variable ratio

behavior makes reinforcement come, reinforcement comes after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed interval

behavior doesn’t make reinforcement come, reinforcement comes after a set amount of time

variable interval

behavior doesn’t make reinforcement come, reinforcement comes after an unpredictable amount of time

negative punishment

taking this away will decrease the behavior it follows

positive punishment

adding this will decrease the behavior it follows

insight learning

sudden solution to a problem just comes to a person

observational learning

modeling, bandura’s doll experiment

learned helplessness

after repeated failures, the organism will stop trying to scape the situation

• martin seligman: dogs stopped trying to escape shock

latent learning

learning in the absence of reinforcers or punishment

• edward tolman: rats developed a cognitive map