FInal Gen Bio 2 Exam
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208 Terms
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Kingdom Animalia:
A very species rich kingdom. Monophyletic, found virtually all around the globe. Hugely important in interactions and sharing biosphere.
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Common Characteristics of Kingdom Animilia
- All are multicellular; related to the choanoflagellates, wide range of tissue types and modifications.
- Protein called GK pid, a linking scaffolding protein
related to DNA synthesis proteins and DNA synthesis
enzymes.
- Key protein because it orients the mitotic spindle
apparatus, keeping cells dividing in their correct planes
and positions.
- Heterotroph: Take in nutrients from outside of themselves by ingesting and taking bites out of their food. They are consumers and cannot make carbs on their own. Nutrients then converted to ATP molecules.
- Not bound by cell walls: gives the greater flexibility and that’s why there’s so much diversity in movement capabilities. Drawback is that they lack the support from cell walls, so they are supported internally by cytoskeleton system.
- Characteristic cell junctions: Allow communication and structure, determines how tissues form and function
- Extracellular matrix: allows communications and also supportive framework. Sometimes calcified to form bones, it’s also in connective tissue. Key molecule collagen, the most widespread in animals, strong rope like proteins. Link bones and ligaments. Every single group of animals has some form of collagen in them.
- Nervous tissue: allows for rapid responses. Generate action potentials and electrical signals. Ion gated channels that distribute electrical impulses
- Muscle Tissue: movements internally and externally controlled by nervous tissue. Ion gated channels that distribute electrical impulses.
- Sexual Reproduction: some engage in asexual too like cloning to take advantage of favorable conditions. Largely sexual reproduction takes place. Diploid zygote divides by mitosis to give rise to multicellular embryo called the blastulaimportant stage that goes onto become a gastrula and then the embryo. Some animals go through metamorphosis, involves dramatic reorganization of body from (caterpillar to butterfly). Also increases genetic variable diversity.
- Hox genes: cluster of developmental genes, determine embryonic development. Patterns body axis. Sponges may have one but other complex animals have several. Determine appendages and regulate anterior/posterior bodies of animal.
- Similar ribosomal RNA sequence: 18s subunit. Key units that determine protein synthesis and all animals have similar sequences.
- Protein called GK pid, a linking scaffolding protein
related to DNA synthesis proteins and DNA synthesis
enzymes.
- Key protein because it orients the mitotic spindle
apparatus, keeping cells dividing in their correct planes
and positions.
- Heterotroph: Take in nutrients from outside of themselves by ingesting and taking bites out of their food. They are consumers and cannot make carbs on their own. Nutrients then converted to ATP molecules.
- Not bound by cell walls: gives the greater flexibility and that’s why there’s so much diversity in movement capabilities. Drawback is that they lack the support from cell walls, so they are supported internally by cytoskeleton system.
- Characteristic cell junctions: Allow communication and structure, determines how tissues form and function
- Extracellular matrix: allows communications and also supportive framework. Sometimes calcified to form bones, it’s also in connective tissue. Key molecule collagen, the most widespread in animals, strong rope like proteins. Link bones and ligaments. Every single group of animals has some form of collagen in them.
- Nervous tissue: allows for rapid responses. Generate action potentials and electrical signals. Ion gated channels that distribute electrical impulses
- Muscle Tissue: movements internally and externally controlled by nervous tissue. Ion gated channels that distribute electrical impulses.
- Sexual Reproduction: some engage in asexual too like cloning to take advantage of favorable conditions. Largely sexual reproduction takes place. Diploid zygote divides by mitosis to give rise to multicellular embryo called the blastulaimportant stage that goes onto become a gastrula and then the embryo. Some animals go through metamorphosis, involves dramatic reorganization of body from (caterpillar to butterfly). Also increases genetic variable diversity.
- Hox genes: cluster of developmental genes, determine embryonic development. Patterns body axis. Sponges may have one but other complex animals have several. Determine appendages and regulate anterior/posterior bodies of animal.
- Similar ribosomal RNA sequence: 18s subunit. Key units that determine protein synthesis and all animals have similar sequences.
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First Animals
- were in the form of marine invertebrates about 600 mya at the end of the proterozoic eon and then the cambrian explosion (533-525 mya) where all of our modern animals were represented at that time
- Environment was favorable and the ozone developed allowing for better protection that contributed in animal diversity.
- Environment was favorable and the ozone developed allowing for better protection that contributed in animal diversity.
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Invertebrates
No backbone, sometimes referred to as little creatures that rule the world.
- Key to success in marine and terrestrial environment.
- Heterogeneous assemblage, not taxonomic, no positive characters.
- 97-99% of all animals.
- More than 35 phyla EX: sponges, jellies, crustaceans, insects, clams, snails, sea stars.
- Key to success in marine and terrestrial environment.
- Heterogeneous assemblage, not taxonomic, no positive characters.
- 97-99% of all animals.
- More than 35 phyla EX: sponges, jellies, crustaceans, insects, clams, snails, sea stars.
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Vertebrates
animals with backbone
- 1% of all animals. 1 phylum, chordata.
ie Fish, frogs, birds, reptiles, humans.
- 1% of all animals. 1 phylum, chordata.
ie Fish, frogs, birds, reptiles, humans.
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Body Form:
- One of the ways used to organize the animal kingdom
- Symmetry means right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
- Some organisms are asymmetrical like sponges (which are not true animals)
- Symmetry patterns refer to balanced proportions
- Symmetry types: bilateral, asymmetry, spherical, radial
- Symmetry means right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
- Some organisms are asymmetrical like sponges (which are not true animals)
- Symmetry patterns refer to balanced proportions
- Symmetry types: bilateral, asymmetry, spherical, radial
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Asymmetry
No organization around any sort of central axis
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Spherical Symmetry
characteristic of volvox, look like balls. Any plane through the center divides the body into equal parts.
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Radial
- Like the group Radiata that have two identical halves, no matter what plane passes through the longitudinal axis
- Radiata includes two major phyla, the cnidarians and ctenophores
- Organisms have mouth at one end and anus end so oral and aboral surfaces
- tend to encounter their environment from all sides simultaneously, no well defined head and tend to have a decentralized nervous system
- Typically sedentary life cycle and generally floating, few swim around
- Distribution of sensory tissue are scattered towards edges.
- Radiata includes two major phyla, the cnidarians and ctenophores
- Organisms have mouth at one end and anus end so oral and aboral surfaces
- tend to encounter their environment from all sides simultaneously, no well defined head and tend to have a decentralized nervous system
- Typically sedentary life cycle and generally floating, few swim around
- Distribution of sensory tissue are scattered towards edges.
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Bilateral
- Most successful organisms
- have definite right and left halves
- Only a single plane through the upper and lower surfaces or through the longitudinal axis, divides the organism into right and left sides that are mirror images
- Have distinct head end where A concentration of nerve tissue is, that what cephalization refers to
- Bilateral suites animals for directional movement, creep, crawling, active swimming, etc.
- have definite right and left halves
- Only a single plane through the upper and lower surfaces or through the longitudinal axis, divides the organism into right and left sides that are mirror images
- Have distinct head end where A concentration of nerve tissue is, that what cephalization refers to
- Bilateral suites animals for directional movement, creep, crawling, active swimming, etc.
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GI tract
- Relative to symmetry
ie sac body plan, a tube w/ tube body plan
ie sac body plan, a tube w/ tube body plan
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Sac body plan
- In radially symmetrical organisms, sac body plan, an incomplete digestive system where there is just one opening to the gut
- Opening has to serve as both mouth and anus which limits their growth and activity
- The cavity is known to be gastrovascular
- Few members of the bilateria show this body plant.
- Opening has to serve as both mouth and anus which limits their growth and activity
- The cavity is known to be gastrovascular
- Few members of the bilateria show this body plant.
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Tube w/in tube body plan
- complete digestive plan with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other so feeding and excreting can take place at the same time
- Flow through digestive plan allows for very specialized regions like a mouth for pumping nutrients and salivary glands with enzymes, stomachs for mechanical digestion and small and large intestines.
- Flow through digestive plan allows for very specialized regions like a mouth for pumping nutrients and salivary glands with enzymes, stomachs for mechanical digestion and small and large intestines.
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Developmental Sequence
- Germ layer is various groups of cells that behave as units during early embryonic development
- give rise to tissues, organs, and organ systems
- Three characteristic germ layers:
1. Endoderm on the inside, sometimes referred to as
gastrodermis because it lines the gastrovascular
cavity.
2. Mesoderm in the middle
3. Ectoderm on the outside
- give rise to tissues, organs, and organ systems
- Three characteristic germ layers:
1. Endoderm on the inside, sometimes referred to as
gastrodermis because it lines the gastrovascular
cavity.
2. Mesoderm in the middle
3. Ectoderm on the outside
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Diploblastic
- when an animal has 2 layers of germ layers
- with non-living gelatinous layer that allows cells to wander through called mesoglea, the jelly stuff, not a cellular layer or give rise to cellular structures in body.
- with non-living gelatinous layer that allows cells to wander through called mesoglea, the jelly stuff, not a cellular layer or give rise to cellular structures in body.
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Triploblastic
- Have all three.
- Ectoderm along with integumentary system, forms the neural tube and the neural crest and gives rise to whatever nervous system the organism has.
- Endoderm forms the primitive gut as well as internal organs like pancreas and liver.
- In the middle, mesoderm is a living layer of cells that muscle, connective tissue, notochord, bones, circulatory system come from mesoderm that gives rise to the supportive stuff.
- Ectoderm along with integumentary system, forms the neural tube and the neural crest and gives rise to whatever nervous system the organism has.
- Endoderm forms the primitive gut as well as internal organs like pancreas and liver.
- In the middle, mesoderm is a living layer of cells that muscle, connective tissue, notochord, bones, circulatory system come from mesoderm that gives rise to the supportive stuff.
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Body Cavity
- Coelom is a fluid filled space around the gut in which organs can be suspended (in humans; abdominal pelvic cavity and thoracic cavity which house all the internal organs)
- Internal organs are connected to the walls of coelom called mesentery which anchor organs to each other as well as in the body chamber
- Coelom provides storage space, the basis of a support network, can be filled with fluid for structure (hydrostatic skeleton, based on internal fluid contents)
- Coeloms allow for greater size and complexity because more space for development.
ie Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate/blastocoelomate, eucoelomate
- Internal organs are connected to the walls of coelom called mesentery which anchor organs to each other as well as in the body chamber
- Coelom provides storage space, the basis of a support network, can be filled with fluid for structure (hydrostatic skeleton, based on internal fluid contents)
- Coeloms allow for greater size and complexity because more space for development.
ie Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate/blastocoelomate, eucoelomate
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Acoelomate
no body cavity but still have 3 germ layers like flatworms. (come from eucoelomate and lost that)
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Pseudocoelomate/blastocoelomate
- fault body cavity because lined on one side only with mesoderm
- Mesoderm is only associated with the ectoderm
- Found in Nematodes
- Mesoderm is only associated with the ectoderm
- Found in Nematodes
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Eucoelomate
- Most successful
- All vertebrates fall under this category
- Some are reduced some are developed by all layers and mesoderm surrounds gut and lines the ectoderm.
- All vertebrates fall under this category
- Some are reduced some are developed by all layers and mesoderm surrounds gut and lines the ectoderm.
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Segmentation
- Metamerism:dividing body into repeating units.In humans like spinal column or muscles
- Occurs in annelids, arthropods, and chordates as well.
- Specialized appendages associated with body segments.
- Occurs in annelids, arthropods, and chordates as well.
- Specialized appendages associated with body segments.
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Early Development Patterns
Look to see how development occurs. Two major patterns across animal kingdom
ie Protostomes, Deuterostomes
ie Protostomes, Deuterostomes
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Protostomes
- first embryonic opening because the mouth
- Most members of the bilateria: annelids, arthropods, molluscs
- Animals whose development begins when the blastopore becomes the mouth; determinate cleavage (fate of cell is determined to become a particular structure as early as the 8 cell stage) in the animal, spiral cleavage, where the fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early; divided into two clades: ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa; incl. mollusks, annelids, arthropods
- Not capable of identical twins
- Mosaic
- Body cavity develops as a splitting within the mesoderm, a phenomenon known as schizocoely (splitting within body mesodermal band is where body cavity comes from)
- Most members of the bilateria: annelids, arthropods, molluscs
- Animals whose development begins when the blastopore becomes the mouth; determinate cleavage (fate of cell is determined to become a particular structure as early as the 8 cell stage) in the animal, spiral cleavage, where the fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early; divided into two clades: ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa; incl. mollusks, annelids, arthropods
- Not capable of identical twins
- Mosaic
- Body cavity develops as a splitting within the mesoderm, a phenomenon known as schizocoely (splitting within body mesodermal band is where body cavity comes from)
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Deuterostomes
- first embryonic opening is the anus and second is the mouth
- Echinoderms and chordates
- A nimals whose development begins when the blastopore becomes the anus; indeterminate (lasts about until 32 cell stage), radial cleavage, where each cell produced by early cleavage (mitosis) retains the ability to develop into a complete embryo; incl. echinoderms and vertebrates/chordates
- Have pluripotency which means they retain the ability to divide and develop into any cell type, like embryonic stem cells in placenta
- Adult cells can be multi or uni potent Regulative
- Enterocoely: body cavity develops as outpocketing of the gut.
- Echinoderms and chordates
- A nimals whose development begins when the blastopore becomes the anus; indeterminate (lasts about until 32 cell stage), radial cleavage, where each cell produced by early cleavage (mitosis) retains the ability to develop into a complete embryo; incl. echinoderms and vertebrates/chordates
- Have pluripotency which means they retain the ability to divide and develop into any cell type, like embryonic stem cells in placenta
- Adult cells can be multi or uni potent Regulative
- Enterocoely: body cavity develops as outpocketing of the gut.
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Animal Phylogenetic Tree
- Choanoflagellates relate the animals and the fungi, they are our closest protist so they can illustrate what the earliest animals looked like
- All members of the Opisthokonta have a flagellum like the choanoflagellates
- Collared microvilli is used for feeding. Kingdom animalia is monophyletic
- Eumetazoa are the true multicellular animals with 2/three tissue layers
- Protostomes split into two groups: lophotrochoza and ecdysozoa
- All members of the Opisthokonta have a flagellum like the choanoflagellates
- Collared microvilli is used for feeding. Kingdom animalia is monophyletic
- Eumetazoa are the true multicellular animals with 2/three tissue layers
- Protostomes split into two groups: lophotrochoza and ecdysozoa
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Lophotrochozoa
ie Mollusks and annelids, rotifers, flatworms
- Have lophophore with ciliated tentacles for feeding and structurally similar to the t rochophore larva stage that undergoes a dramatic change in the life cycle
- It has a complete digestive system
- Looks like ciliated spinning top with a tuft of cilia
- Include Bryozoans and brachiopod
- Have lophophore with ciliated tentacles for feeding and structurally similar to the t rochophore larva stage that undergoes a dramatic change in the life cycle
- It has a complete digestive system
- Looks like ciliated spinning top with a tuft of cilia
- Include Bryozoans and brachiopod
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Ecdysozoa
ie Arthropods and nematodes, roundworm
- Together they outnumber all the other organisms by about 6 fold
- Many nematodes are not named
- They are united by the characteristic of shedding their cuticle several times as they grow, came about once evolutionary.
- Together they outnumber all the other organisms by about 6 fold
- Many nematodes are not named
- They are united by the characteristic of shedding their cuticle several times as they grow, came about once evolutionary.
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Phylum Porifera
- Sponges, pore bearing organisms
- Unique group b/c only animal that have the cellular organization
- masses of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Have choanocytes, collar cells
- The cells can recognize each other. Have spicules made of calcium carbonate, silicon, and spongin (their form of collagen)
- No tissues, no organs, no locomotion
- Associated with symbiotic bacteria, microorganisms provide them with the vast majority of secondary metabolites. 8000 sp
- Their sac-like bodies are perforated by pores called the Ostia and they are filter feeders.
- reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding
- The flow of water is solely dependent on the choanocytes
- Water moves through the body of the sponge and allows it to achieve all of its life function
- Sexual reproduction some cells differentiate into egg and sperm and move out into the water column and then move to water column where fertilization occurs and then settles down
- Sponges are found in all seas at all depths.
- Unique group b/c only animal that have the cellular organization
- masses of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Have choanocytes, collar cells
- The cells can recognize each other. Have spicules made of calcium carbonate, silicon, and spongin (their form of collagen)
- No tissues, no organs, no locomotion
- Associated with symbiotic bacteria, microorganisms provide them with the vast majority of secondary metabolites. 8000 sp
- Their sac-like bodies are perforated by pores called the Ostia and they are filter feeders.
- reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding
- The flow of water is solely dependent on the choanocytes
- Water moves through the body of the sponge and allows it to achieve all of its life function
- Sexual reproduction some cells differentiate into egg and sperm and move out into the water column and then move to water column where fertilization occurs and then settles down
- Sponges are found in all seas at all depths.
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Spicules
- the skeletal structure and protect them from being consumed, as they are sharp
- Spongin are more flexible
- Spongin are more flexible
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Gemmules
- play into asexual reproduction, particularly freshwater sponges
- Saltwater don't have that association where pieces break off but also sexual reproduction
- Saltwater don't have that association where pieces break off but also sexual reproduction
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Archaeocytes
- can become amoeboid cells (amoebocytes) and carry food particles from the choanocytes and carry those to other parts of the body.
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pinacocytes
- outer surface is a layer of thin flat cells flattened sponge cells capable of contracting to help maintain the size and structure of sponges.
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Types of sponges
Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid
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Asconoid
- simplest sponge, water comes in through the Ostia, (the pores) and then into a flagellated chamber called the spongocile lined by choanocytes
- Very small in size
- Very small in size
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Syconoid
Still small, but larger
- Have tubular body, thicker walls than asconoid. Water moves into the ostia from incurrent canals to a choanocyte-lined radial canal and then exists through osculum.
- Have tubular body, thicker walls than asconoid. Water moves into the ostia from incurrent canals to a choanocyte-lined radial canal and then exists through osculum.
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Leuconoid
- Most sponges, all large and complex and large colonial masses
- No spongoceal or atrium
- Water flows through ostia and than out several osculums
- Indeterminate growth, they can get to be very large.
- No spongoceal or atrium
- Water flows through ostia and than out several osculums
- Indeterminate growth, they can get to be very large.
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V=1/A
- where V is the speed of water, and A is the surface area. As sponges get bigger and more complex, water flow begins to slow and allows for more feeding time.
- similar to how the human cardiovascular system operates
- similar to how the human cardiovascular system operates
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Phylum Cnidaria
- radially symmetric and have diploblastic tissue level
- Named for their specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain the unique organelles nematocysts, thin hair like fibers that shoot with a force of a bullet and is the fastest physiological process known to man
- Two body forms, which are homologues so they can be used to construct phylogenetic trees
- Each suited to different ways of life
- Almost all marine and most are sedentary with a long fossil history
- Nerve net controls the activity of nematocysts which can only be used once, once used, they are replaced.
- On the nematocysts, there are triggers called nytocyle that are stimulated by pressure or chemical change and is covered by a lid called an operculum that opens.
- body forms: polyp and medusa
- Named for their specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain the unique organelles nematocysts, thin hair like fibers that shoot with a force of a bullet and is the fastest physiological process known to man
- Two body forms, which are homologues so they can be used to construct phylogenetic trees
- Each suited to different ways of life
- Almost all marine and most are sedentary with a long fossil history
- Nerve net controls the activity of nematocysts which can only be used once, once used, they are replaced.
- On the nematocysts, there are triggers called nytocyle that are stimulated by pressure or chemical change and is covered by a lid called an operculum that opens.
- body forms: polyp and medusa
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Polyp body form
- Looks like a narrow inverted version of an umbrella
- tentacles, mouth facing up
- opposite of medusa
- tentacles, mouth facing up
- opposite of medusa
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Medusa
- looks like umbrella. Mouth sits on manubrium that is surrounded by tentacles.
Well-suited for passively moving through water column. Have muscle fibers contained
within their cells so that the tentacles are very mobile.
Well-suited for passively moving through water column. Have muscle fibers contained
within their cells so that the tentacles are very mobile.
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Scyphozoa
- Jellyfish
- Dominated by medusa body form
- Have thick mesoglea, some can be 6 ft across
- Explosion of population because of the warming water and marine turtle populations declining.
- 95% are made of water
- A collection of jellies is known as a smack or a swarm
- Some live anywhere between a few hours to a few months
- some are thought to be immortal because they can run their life cycle in reverse.
- can sting even when dead
- Dominated by medusa body form
- Have thick mesoglea, some can be 6 ft across
- Explosion of population because of the warming water and marine turtle populations declining.
- 95% are made of water
- A collection of jellies is known as a smack or a swarm
- Some live anywhere between a few hours to a few months
- some are thought to be immortal because they can run their life cycle in reverse.
- can sting even when dead
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Scyphozoa life cycle
1) Males and females produce egg and sperm and release them into water column for fertilization
2) Zygote become planula larvae when fertilized and then settles into polyp stage called the scyphistoma (can live up to 2 years)
3) then asexual strobilation gives rise to a series of genetically identical buds that become ephyra, juvenile jellies.
2) Zygote become planula larvae when fertilized and then settles into polyp stage called the scyphistoma (can live up to 2 years)
3) then asexual strobilation gives rise to a series of genetically identical buds that become ephyra, juvenile jellies.
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Cubozoa
- box jellies, they have a square, four cornered bell
- Shelf of tissue on the bell that allows them to swim well
- visual predators
- The more toxic they're, the more easily they can paralyze and kill their prey to feed on them
- eat fish and live dominantly as a medusa, unknown polyp stage.
- Shelf of tissue on the bell that allows them to swim well
- visual predators
- The more toxic they're, the more easily they can paralyze and kill their prey to feed on them
- eat fish and live dominantly as a medusa, unknown polyp stage.
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Hydrozoa
- dominated by polyp form, found in marine freshwater environment
- Some are toxic like the portuguese man of war that have giant modified medusa that is filled with carbon monoxide that keeps the organism at the surface of the water and allows the tentacles to hang down in the water column to catch prey
- The portuguese man of war is a colony of polyps living together sharing a common gut
- They engage in asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Alternation between polyp and medusa (much smaller and more involved in reproduction)
- Colonial polyps show a division of labor, specialization of polyps designed for specific functions
- Gastrozone are feeding polyps that have a lot of nematocysts
- Gonozoans are the reproductive and produce hydromedusa that have a shelf of tissue and come in separate sexes that unite in the water column
- Some are toxic like the portuguese man of war that have giant modified medusa that is filled with carbon monoxide that keeps the organism at the surface of the water and allows the tentacles to hang down in the water column to catch prey
- The portuguese man of war is a colony of polyps living together sharing a common gut
- They engage in asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Alternation between polyp and medusa (much smaller and more involved in reproduction)
- Colonial polyps show a division of labor, specialization of polyps designed for specific functions
- Gastrozone are feeding polyps that have a lot of nematocysts
- Gonozoans are the reproductive and produce hydromedusa that have a shelf of tissue and come in separate sexes that unite in the water column
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Anthozoa
- the flower animals, live as both colonial organisms and solitary individuals
- Occur only in polyp stage, no medusa. Include sea anemones, hard corals, sea fans.
- Occur only in polyp stage, no medusa. Include sea anemones, hard corals, sea fans.
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Sea anemones
- Have a pedal disk that when left behind can produce new organism
- Have a ciliated groove that absorbs/pumps water in their gastrovascular cavity called siphonoglyph
- have a variety of very potent nematocysts called acontia because anemones fight aggressively when trying to protect their space
- Have a ciliated groove that absorbs/pumps water in their gastrovascular cavity called siphonoglyph
- have a variety of very potent nematocysts called acontia because anemones fight aggressively when trying to protect their space
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Corals
- More solid in their body form, supported by skeletal structure
- Not all form reefs, ahermatypic. coral reefs formed by hermatypic corals that secrete calcareous cups
- Living tissue at outer edge with calcium carbonate and zooxanthellae (symbiotic dinoflagellates that engage in photosynthesis) underneath
- 20-90% of photosynthesis makes organic matter and oxygen that diffuses into the coral polyp allowing it to feed and survive in nutrient poor environments
- Corals feed and reproduce at night to minimize oxygen free radicals
- Not all form reefs, ahermatypic. coral reefs formed by hermatypic corals that secrete calcareous cups
- Living tissue at outer edge with calcium carbonate and zooxanthellae (symbiotic dinoflagellates that engage in photosynthesis) underneath
- 20-90% of photosynthesis makes organic matter and oxygen that diffuses into the coral polyp allowing it to feed and survive in nutrient poor environments
- Corals feed and reproduce at night to minimize oxygen free radicals
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Phylum Ctenophora
- May be related to members of the Bilateria.
- aren't completely radial
- common members of the plankton and are exclusively marine.
ie Comb jellies
- aren't completely radial
- common members of the plankton and are exclusively marine.
ie Comb jellies
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Comb Jellies
- they have 8 comb rows (ctnes) running down the surface of their body with beating cilia controlled by apical sense organ
- the largest organisms that rely on their cilia for movement
- don’t have nematocysts, instead have colloblasts that are sticky harpoon like cells along their tentacles that attach to food item and brought into mouth
- Engage in bioluminescence
- One of the first organisms to have a complete gut
- Have voracious appetite and feed on small plankton, krill, and fish larvae.
- the largest organisms that rely on their cilia for movement
- don’t have nematocysts, instead have colloblasts that are sticky harpoon like cells along their tentacles that attach to food item and brought into mouth
- Engage in bioluminescence
- One of the first organisms to have a complete gut
- Have voracious appetite and feed on small plankton, krill, and fish larvae.
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Bilateral symmetry
- 2⁄3 of flatworms are key parasite
- Organ level of organization
- No specialized circulatory or respiratory system but have ladder-type nervous system
- Range from 1 mm-1m.
- 2⁄3 of flatworms are key parasite
- Organ level of organization
- No specialized circulatory or respiratory system but have ladder-type nervous system
- Range from 1 mm-1m.
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Free Living Flatworms/Tubellerians Planaria
- wider the flatworm, the thinner they should be because of the volume to surface phenomena
- Found in water, marine or moist environments because they can dry out
- Crawl through slime track
- Forward directional movement but still have incomplete gut and rely on gastrovascular cavity to process and distribute nutrients.
- Found in water, marine or moist environments because they can dry out
- Crawl through slime track
- Forward directional movement but still have incomplete gut and rely on gastrovascular cavity to process and distribute nutrients.
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Parasitic Worms
- 2⁄3 of the phylum
- Complex multicellular organisms
- All have tremendous reproduction output
- Complex symbiotic relationships
- Many are hermaphrodites and have both sex organs
- 1⁄4 of all animal species are parasites.
ie Trematoda flukes, Schistosoma blood fluke, liver fluke: Chlonorchis sinensis
- Complex multicellular organisms
- All have tremendous reproduction output
- Complex symbiotic relationships
- Many are hermaphrodites and have both sex organs
- 1⁄4 of all animal species are parasites.
ie Trematoda flukes, Schistosoma blood fluke, liver fluke: Chlonorchis sinensis
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Trematode flukes
- leaflike body plan, have true organ systems but generally have at least two hosts in their life cycle and are vertebrate endoparasites which lives inside the body of the host.
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Schistosoma blood fluke
- come in seperate sexes and the female resides in the canal of the male body
- Both usually live together in the intestines or bladder and causes blood in stool and urine
- Next to malaria its the second major parasitic disease.
- eggs pass in the urine/feces and that gets secreted into water supplies (usually in africa and asia), can also switch to animal host
- From the eggs that are releases, comes a ciliated stage merosidia and bores into body of snail and undergo asexual reproduction, cercaria emerges and has the ability to go through human skin and migrates in human circulation and reaches specific blood vessels mostly large intestines in its adult stage
- Treatment and good sanitation is important to reduce schistosomiasi
- Attachment devices are suckers.
- Both usually live together in the intestines or bladder and causes blood in stool and urine
- Next to malaria its the second major parasitic disease.
- eggs pass in the urine/feces and that gets secreted into water supplies (usually in africa and asia), can also switch to animal host
- From the eggs that are releases, comes a ciliated stage merosidia and bores into body of snail and undergo asexual reproduction, cercaria emerges and has the ability to go through human skin and migrates in human circulation and reaches specific blood vessels mostly large intestines in its adult stage
- Treatment and good sanitation is important to reduce schistosomiasi
- Attachment devices are suckers.
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Liver Fluke, Chlonorchis sinensis
- Hermaphrodites, two come together for cross fertilization
- Has oral and ventral suckers for attachment. Acquired by consuming raw fish
- If fish has miracidia it then hatches in human GI tract and takes residence in bile ducts which send bile into small intestine
- Immune system responds but not well enough cause in Gi tract is technically outside since not absorbed
- Dogs, rats, bears, can also get this
- Can live in body for up to 25 years, can lead to liver cancer
- Adults send eggs in feces and get into water and becomes sporocyst in snail 1 miracidia can become 10,000 ciercaria which leave the body of the snail to find the next host which is the fish.
- Has oral and ventral suckers for attachment. Acquired by consuming raw fish
- If fish has miracidia it then hatches in human GI tract and takes residence in bile ducts which send bile into small intestine
- Immune system responds but not well enough cause in Gi tract is technically outside since not absorbed
- Dogs, rats, bears, can also get this
- Can live in body for up to 25 years, can lead to liver cancer
- Adults send eggs in feces and get into water and becomes sporocyst in snail 1 miracidia can become 10,000 ciercaria which leave the body of the snail to find the next host which is the fish.
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Tapeworms
- body can range from a couple of mm to 30mm.
- Anterior region to anchor themselves in intestinal walls. Head of parasite is the scolex and behind that is germinative zone (neck) where new proglottids emerge form and treatment is targeted there
- Proglottids are like reproductive factories and each one there are multiple testes and ovaries
- Routinely self fertilize
- Humans are definitive host but also can be intermediate host for pork tapeworm by ingesting the tapeworm egg which leads to formation of giant cysts in the brain and effects the nervous system
- Beef tapeworm is the largest in humans and fish tapeworm is common, brought into the US from scandinavia by fisherman.
- Anterior region to anchor themselves in intestinal walls. Head of parasite is the scolex and behind that is germinative zone (neck) where new proglottids emerge form and treatment is targeted there
- Proglottids are like reproductive factories and each one there are multiple testes and ovaries
- Routinely self fertilize
- Humans are definitive host but also can be intermediate host for pork tapeworm by ingesting the tapeworm egg which leads to formation of giant cysts in the brain and effects the nervous system
- Beef tapeworm is the largest in humans and fish tapeworm is common, brought into the US from scandinavia by fisherman.
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Hydatid tapeworm
- humans are not the right host for echinococcus
- can enter our bodies but dead end host because not the right environment for parasite reproduction
- Transmitted from dogs that wander around farm animals
- Dogs also eat offal, organ meat
- If eggs get into human, than formation of hydatid cyst bag of immature parasite and fluid, along the liver, lungs, or brain tissue
- Cyst usually goes unnoticed, needs to be surgically removed
- If it ruptures, the immune system goes into anaphylactic shock.
- can enter our bodies but dead end host because not the right environment for parasite reproduction
- Transmitted from dogs that wander around farm animals
- Dogs also eat offal, organ meat
- If eggs get into human, than formation of hydatid cyst bag of immature parasite and fluid, along the liver, lungs, or brain tissue
- Cyst usually goes unnoticed, needs to be surgically removed
- If it ruptures, the immune system goes into anaphylactic shock.
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Phylum Rotifera
- not much bigger than paramecium but their body is multicellular
- Body is built by about 900-1000 cells
- Complex multicellular organisms, less than 3mm in size. Once organisms gets to that number of cells, they can no longer divide
- Has crown of cilia and are free swimming and only live about a week or 2
- Freshwater organisms and sometimes take on the color of the food they ingest, complete digestive system
- Have mouth at one end and anus at the other and have salivary glands and stomach to store and process nutrients
- No cuticle or chitin for protection
- When food comes it goes into mastax, which serves as their chitinous holding area basically a pharynx that leads to trophi, chitinous jaws for grinding food
- Mastax and trophi combines is unique mouthparts. Engage in ciliary swimming
- Corona used for propulsion in water
- Excretory system has flickering cilia, flame cells
- Important as a food resource for many small organisms and like to live in clean water
- Sometimes come in seperate sexes.
- Are pseudocoelomates.
ie Cryptobiosis, Cyclomorphosis, Parthenogensis
- Body is built by about 900-1000 cells
- Complex multicellular organisms, less than 3mm in size. Once organisms gets to that number of cells, they can no longer divide
- Has crown of cilia and are free swimming and only live about a week or 2
- Freshwater organisms and sometimes take on the color of the food they ingest, complete digestive system
- Have mouth at one end and anus at the other and have salivary glands and stomach to store and process nutrients
- No cuticle or chitin for protection
- When food comes it goes into mastax, which serves as their chitinous holding area basically a pharynx that leads to trophi, chitinous jaws for grinding food
- Mastax and trophi combines is unique mouthparts. Engage in ciliary swimming
- Corona used for propulsion in water
- Excretory system has flickering cilia, flame cells
- Important as a food resource for many small organisms and like to live in clean water
- Sometimes come in seperate sexes.
- Are pseudocoelomates.
ie Cryptobiosis, Cyclomorphosis, Parthenogensis
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Cryptobiosis
- death like state which allows them to dry out slowly over several days and can maintain their body structure by lipid molecules and allows them to tough out in harsher winter environments
- Add water to come back to life.
- “Suspended animation”
- Add water to come back to life.
- “Suspended animation”
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Cyclomorphosis
- Have spines they can change over the seasons in response to environmental conditions
- In this, as the population grows and changes, their body shape or proportions change so if there are a lot of predators, spines can get really long because that makes them harder to swallow.
- In this, as the population grows and changes, their body shape or proportions change so if there are a lot of predators, spines can get really long because that makes them harder to swallow.
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Parthenogenesis
- Asexual reproduction for unusual groups of rotifers where only females are found
- Adult female releases diploid egg (amictic egg) through mitosis and then hatches into diploid female
- Don’t have to waste time finding a mate
- Other planktonic rotifers can swap btw parthenogenesis when conditions are favorable or sexual reproduction in response to an environmental trigger an adult female will produce haploid eggs called mictic eggs through meiosis that if don't get fertilized within certain time, become haploid adult male that produces sperm that then fertilize other haploid eggs
- When fertilized, diploid resting egg sometimes called winter egg because generated when environment isn't favorable that will hatch out in the next season as an adult female
- Adult female releases diploid egg (amictic egg) through mitosis and then hatches into diploid female
- Don’t have to waste time finding a mate
- Other planktonic rotifers can swap btw parthenogenesis when conditions are favorable or sexual reproduction in response to an environmental trigger an adult female will produce haploid eggs called mictic eggs through meiosis that if don't get fertilized within certain time, become haploid adult male that produces sperm that then fertilize other haploid eggs
- When fertilized, diploid resting egg sometimes called winter egg because generated when environment isn't favorable that will hatch out in the next season as an adult female
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Phylum Annelida
Protostome lineage, lophotrochozoans
- Show metamerism (segmentation) and a true body cavity so euceolmates
- Septa are segmented partitions like walls that divide a well developed fluid filled coelom to act as a hydrostatic skeleton
- Some are filter feeders, deposit feeders, omnivores. Have closed circulation which means that have capillaries (in open circulation, low pressure and large fluid volume for mollusks and arthropods)
- Annelids have arteries and veins connected by capillaries so higher pressure and lower volume to pump blood through a double transport system of circulatory and coelomic fluid to carry nutrients and waste
- Most are marine and are characterized by chatae, chitinous (nitrogen containing polysaccharide) bristles found along body that help in locomotion and anchor the worm into the soil, some may contain toxins
- Well-developed muscles, which run circularly and longitudinally which allow them to crawl by waves of peristalsis
ie Polychaetes, Obligochaetes, Leeches
- Show metamerism (segmentation) and a true body cavity so euceolmates
- Septa are segmented partitions like walls that divide a well developed fluid filled coelom to act as a hydrostatic skeleton
- Some are filter feeders, deposit feeders, omnivores. Have closed circulation which means that have capillaries (in open circulation, low pressure and large fluid volume for mollusks and arthropods)
- Annelids have arteries and veins connected by capillaries so higher pressure and lower volume to pump blood through a double transport system of circulatory and coelomic fluid to carry nutrients and waste
- Most are marine and are characterized by chatae, chitinous (nitrogen containing polysaccharide) bristles found along body that help in locomotion and anchor the worm into the soil, some may contain toxins
- Well-developed muscles, which run circularly and longitudinally which allow them to crawl by waves of peristalsis
ie Polychaetes, Obligochaetes, Leeches
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Polychaetes
- Account for 2⁄3 of annelids, almost exclusively marine, diverse and abundant and some are important for pollution status.
- Trochophore larvae stage that spins around, grows segments, and then settles out of water column for adult life.
- many chatae per segment
- Segments:
1. Prostomium: before mouth, first segment
2. Peristomium: around mouth
3. Parapodia: fleshy paired lateral appendages, extensions of the coelom that facilitate respiration, also bear many chatae, specialized for a variety of functions. Come out from each body segment
- Epitoky: epitoke is the section of the worms body adapted for reproduction and is packed with egg or sperm. It’s timed for certain worms and colors the water white (swarming).
ie Errantia Polychaetes, Sedentary polychaetes, leeches
- Trochophore larvae stage that spins around, grows segments, and then settles out of water column for adult life.
- many chatae per segment
- Segments:
1. Prostomium: before mouth, first segment
2. Peristomium: around mouth
3. Parapodia: fleshy paired lateral appendages, extensions of the coelom that facilitate respiration, also bear many chatae, specialized for a variety of functions. Come out from each body segment
- Epitoky: epitoke is the section of the worms body adapted for reproduction and is packed with egg or sperm. It’s timed for certain worms and colors the water white (swarming).
ie Errantia Polychaetes, Sedentary polychaetes, leeches
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Errantia polychaetes
- Free swimmers, usually predators and feed on other small worms
- Have powerful jaws, well developed eyes, and long chatae on foot-like parapodia.
- Have powerful jaws, well developed eyes, and long chatae on foot-like parapodia.
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Sedentary Polychaetes
- have chate close to body wall to anchor in burrows like earthworms and tube worms
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Leeches
- freshwater mostly bloodsuckers, temporary parasites and can suck blood several times their body weight through hirudin a very powerful anticoagulant, can be used surgically.
- Have unique bacteria in their gut that slowly digest the blood
- Have kidneys that filter water from blood to keep the nutrients
- Found in freshwater and have anesthetic quality to their bite and use cutting mouth parts from triradiate jaw, mouth in three parts
- Clitellum comes and goes seasonally, don’t engage in peristalsis and have no chatae or head.
- Have unique bacteria in their gut that slowly digest the blood
- Have kidneys that filter water from blood to keep the nutrients
- Found in freshwater and have anesthetic quality to their bite and use cutting mouth parts from triradiate jaw, mouth in three parts
- Clitellum comes and goes seasonally, don’t engage in peristalsis and have no chatae or head.
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Pogonophorans/ Siblolgians
- polychaete
- have anterior cephalic lobe that have “beard” fused ciliated tentacles packed full of hemoglobin designed to transport oxygen at the hydrothermal vents
- No gut, tissue forms trophosome with chemosynthetic bacteria that funnel nutrients Opisthosoma is the segmented portion
- have anterior cephalic lobe that have “beard” fused ciliated tentacles packed full of hemoglobin designed to transport oxygen at the hydrothermal vents
- No gut, tissue forms trophosome with chemosynthetic bacteria that funnel nutrients Opisthosoma is the segmented portion
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Obligochaetes
- few chaetae per segment
- Don’t have parapodia or well-developed heads but do have chatae that protrude in pairs directly from the body surface
- Segments are uniform. Clitellum for reproduction, always present and identifiable (unlike leeches), it secretes mucus to keep the sperm from drying out
- Both sex organs are present in one worm, so in copulation, the clitellum is opposite each other and worms swap sperm and a cocoon is secreted from the clitellum once fertilization is accomplished, the worm then crawls through the cocoon to deposit eggs and then clitellum provides nutrients like albumin for the offspring
- Many are terrestrial
- Typhlosole to increase surface area as a fold in the intestine
- Nervous system is a solid dorsal nerve cord with a series of ganglia that go out to muscle fibers.
- Chologogan cells are specialized fat cells around the intestine for lipid metabolism and glycogen storage.
- Have repeated elaborate excretory organs to filter their coelomic fluid.
- Don’t have parapodia or well-developed heads but do have chatae that protrude in pairs directly from the body surface
- Segments are uniform. Clitellum for reproduction, always present and identifiable (unlike leeches), it secretes mucus to keep the sperm from drying out
- Both sex organs are present in one worm, so in copulation, the clitellum is opposite each other and worms swap sperm and a cocoon is secreted from the clitellum once fertilization is accomplished, the worm then crawls through the cocoon to deposit eggs and then clitellum provides nutrients like albumin for the offspring
- Many are terrestrial
- Typhlosole to increase surface area as a fold in the intestine
- Nervous system is a solid dorsal nerve cord with a series of ganglia that go out to muscle fibers.
- Chologogan cells are specialized fat cells around the intestine for lipid metabolism and glycogen storage.
- Have repeated elaborate excretory organs to filter their coelomic fluid.
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Mollusca
ie Lophotrochozoa, Eucoelomate, protostome, trochophore larva
- bands of muscles running throughout the foot to the shell.
- Shells are important for protection from predators and the environment
- Shells are synthesized by using calcium carbonate from the water columns
- Nervous system is comprised of several ganglia connected by nerve cords, but most complex mollusks have a 10 lobed brain and well developed eyes and the ability to learn and remember like octopi.
- bands of muscles running throughout the foot to the shell.
- Shells are important for protection from predators and the environment
- Shells are synthesized by using calcium carbonate from the water columns
- Nervous system is comprised of several ganglia connected by nerve cords, but most complex mollusks have a 10 lobed brain and well developed eyes and the ability to learn and remember like octopi.
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Types of Body Plan (mollusca)
Visceral mass, Mantle, Head-foot
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Visceral Mass
- contains all the organs, like reproductive organs, mostly separate sexes, internal fertilization especially for terrestrial organisms
- Digestive system is complete
- Cardiovascular system is open (except in cephalopods), heart pumps hemolymph through vessels that lead to chambers called hemocele.
- Digestive system is complete
- Cardiovascular system is open (except in cephalopods), heart pumps hemolymph through vessels that lead to chambers called hemocele.
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Mantle
- Tissue responsible for secreting the shell and contributes to the development of gills/lungs
- Well defined respiratory systems to enhance their gas exchange, mantle cavity is where gills/lungs reside
- Gills operate on countercurrent exchange that is a means to maximize the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water
- Fluid, hemolymph, flowing in gills is opposite to the direction of the water outside.
- Well defined respiratory systems to enhance their gas exchange, mantle cavity is where gills/lungs reside
- Gills operate on countercurrent exchange that is a means to maximize the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water
- Fluid, hemolymph, flowing in gills is opposite to the direction of the water outside.
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Head-foot
- muscle adapted for locomotion, attachment, food capture, sensory reception
- Head tends to be well developed in most mollusks. Have radula for feeding and consists of chitinous teeth impregnated with iron sometimes
- Antennae for sensory receptors or very well developed eyes.
- Head tends to be well developed in most mollusks. Have radula for feeding and consists of chitinous teeth impregnated with iron sometimes
- Antennae for sensory receptors or very well developed eyes.
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Mollusca Shells
- Key feature laid down in a series of layers
- Bottom portion with connective tissue and ciliated outer epithelium, and secretory cells represents the mantle, the thin tissue that covers the mollusks body and secretes the shell
- Grow over time with the animals body, so rings of growth can be seen.
Three layers to mollusks shell:
1) Peristrcium: outmtermost made of chonicilaian that provides protection for underlying calcium carbonate that can be warnaway.
2) Prismatic: based on calcium carbonate that is extracted from the water. Bulk of shell
3) Nacreous: calcium carbonate over protein that gets thicker over time. In some becomes mother of pearl, used in jewelry. Designed to remove inflammatory objects which is where pearls come from as an inflammatory response.
- Bottom portion with connective tissue and ciliated outer epithelium, and secretory cells represents the mantle, the thin tissue that covers the mollusks body and secretes the shell
- Grow over time with the animals body, so rings of growth can be seen.
Three layers to mollusks shell:
1) Peristrcium: outmtermost made of chonicilaian that provides protection for underlying calcium carbonate that can be warnaway.
2) Prismatic: based on calcium carbonate that is extracted from the water. Bulk of shell
3) Nacreous: calcium carbonate over protein that gets thicker over time. In some becomes mother of pearl, used in jewelry. Designed to remove inflammatory objects which is where pearls come from as an inflammatory response.
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Mollusca Life History
- trochophore larvae stage, two larval stages so metamorphosis goes on
- Trochophore to veliger larval stage where big ciliated flap like structure and has a foot and shell and feeds
- In bivalves, it settles down as a juvenile spat and grows into adult.
- Trochophore to veliger larval stage where big ciliated flap like structure and has a foot and shell and feeds
- In bivalves, it settles down as a juvenile spat and grows into adult.
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Types of Mollusca
Bivalves, Gastropods, Cephalopods
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Bivalves
ie clams, oysters, mussels scallops, oysters
- Two shells encasing animals body.
- 1-2 adductor muscles that work in opposition to hinge ligament opening and closing the shell.
- Posterior is where mantle is to create siphon, a muscular tube to get water in and out of mantle cavity.
- Muscle can stay contracted because of the smooth muscle fibers.
- No head, or radula.
- Come in separate sexes acquire oxygen by gills that use the beat of their cilia to get water in so filter feeders.
- Two shells encasing animals body.
- 1-2 adductor muscles that work in opposition to hinge ligament opening and closing the shell.
- Posterior is where mantle is to create siphon, a muscular tube to get water in and out of mantle cavity.
- Muscle can stay contracted because of the smooth muscle fibers.
- No head, or radula.
- Come in separate sexes acquire oxygen by gills that use the beat of their cilia to get water in so filter feeders.
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Gastropoda
ie snails, slugs, nudibranchs. biggest group, well developed head and have radula some are herbivores, carnivores
- Soft body parts can be withdrawn into shell with spirals that are genetically determined.
- Opercala (meaning flap) tough chitinous plate on the foot that seals body into shell.
- Nudibranchs can feed on cnidarians and use their nematocysts to protect themselves.
Torsion: in velgar larval stage.
- In pre-torted stage the GI tract is linear and the posterior end has the gills so the body mass twists so that the mantle cavity flips from posterior to anterior.
- Gills get better water, food sources and the animal can pull itself into the shell head first then tale last so better for protection
- The anus is also now dumping on the head called fouling.
- Soft body parts can be withdrawn into shell with spirals that are genetically determined.
- Opercala (meaning flap) tough chitinous plate on the foot that seals body into shell.
- Nudibranchs can feed on cnidarians and use their nematocysts to protect themselves.
Torsion: in velgar larval stage.
- In pre-torted stage the GI tract is linear and the posterior end has the gills so the body mass twists so that the mantle cavity flips from posterior to anterior.
- Gills get better water, food sources and the animal can pull itself into the shell head first then tale last so better for protection
- The anus is also now dumping on the head called fouling.
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Cephalopods
ie nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopus.
- Closed circulatory system, have accessory brachial hearts, Direct exchange not countercurrent.
- Fast moving active predators
- Head-footed mollusks and force water out the mantle cavity through jet propulsion and have siphon that direct their movement
- Have tentacles and arm to capture prey. Most complex and intelligent invertebrates.
- Have radula in their chitinous beak.
- Spermatophoreissacofspermthatis inserted into female body to internal fertilization.
- Don’t have larvae stage
- Siphuncle is cord of tissue in natulises for gas exchange in order to maintain buoyancy
- Cuttlefish have internal shell called cuttlebone
- The squid have a chitinous pen as their shell
- Octopus have no shell
- As shell got smaller, other defenses have come about like toxins and ink sacs to defend itself.
- Closed circulatory system, have accessory brachial hearts, Direct exchange not countercurrent.
- Fast moving active predators
- Head-footed mollusks and force water out the mantle cavity through jet propulsion and have siphon that direct their movement
- Have tentacles and arm to capture prey. Most complex and intelligent invertebrates.
- Have radula in their chitinous beak.
- Spermatophoreissacofspermthatis inserted into female body to internal fertilization.
- Don’t have larvae stage
- Siphuncle is cord of tissue in natulises for gas exchange in order to maintain buoyancy
- Cuttlefish have internal shell called cuttlebone
- The squid have a chitinous pen as their shell
- Octopus have no shell
- As shell got smaller, other defenses have come about like toxins and ink sacs to defend itself.
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Ecdysozoa
ie Nematodes and arthropods
- Protostomes, have true coelom
- Undergo ecdysis, the shedding of the cuticle, the outer boundary embedded with calcium salts to provide support and protection
- In order to arthropod to grow, it must shed their exoskeleton
- Many also undergo metamorphosis, dramatic changes in body form in their life history, contributing to their success because juvenile and adults are not competing for the same resources
- Internal fertilization allows for the colonization of land which has also contributed to their success, but their sperm doesn't have a flagellum, their sperm is amoeboid and crawl from male system to female system
- Large size is usually only possible for aquatic arthropods because of the exoskeleton
- Small size is important for flight capacity.
- Protostomes, have true coelom
- Undergo ecdysis, the shedding of the cuticle, the outer boundary embedded with calcium salts to provide support and protection
- In order to arthropod to grow, it must shed their exoskeleton
- Many also undergo metamorphosis, dramatic changes in body form in their life history, contributing to their success because juvenile and adults are not competing for the same resources
- Internal fertilization allows for the colonization of land which has also contributed to their success, but their sperm doesn't have a flagellum, their sperm is amoeboid and crawl from male system to female system
- Large size is usually only possible for aquatic arthropods because of the exoskeleton
- Small size is important for flight capacity.
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Phylum Nematoda
- Worm-like body, tube within a tube construction
- Acoelomates in smaller ones and Pseudocoelomates in larger ones, lined only by mesoderm on one side
- found everywhere and are very abundant. Homogenous in their body form, all of them look very similar on the surface as well, small, transparent, tapered body at both ends
- feed on bacteria and fungi and control the decomposers.
- also roundworms, the fluid in the coelom is maintained under very high pressure, not segmejnted like annelids and colorless
- molt their cuticle and go through 4 molts to reach their adult form
- Undergo eutely, their body is built out of a genetically determined species specific number of cells 959-1113
- Pressure in ascaris is about the same in human blood vessels ~110/70.
- Nematodes only have longitudinally arranged muscle fibers that run the length of their body but not around so not capable of peristalsis, only can thrash from side to side
- Males have copulatory spicules that are inserted in females body for sperm to crawl out of and also have a hooked end
- Ascaris is an important parasite for humans and pigs.
ie Hookworms, Guinea Worm, Trichinosis, Filarial Worms, Heartworm, Elephantiasis
- Acoelomates in smaller ones and Pseudocoelomates in larger ones, lined only by mesoderm on one side
- found everywhere and are very abundant. Homogenous in their body form, all of them look very similar on the surface as well, small, transparent, tapered body at both ends
- feed on bacteria and fungi and control the decomposers.
- also roundworms, the fluid in the coelom is maintained under very high pressure, not segmejnted like annelids and colorless
- molt their cuticle and go through 4 molts to reach their adult form
- Undergo eutely, their body is built out of a genetically determined species specific number of cells 959-1113
- Pressure in ascaris is about the same in human blood vessels ~110/70.
- Nematodes only have longitudinally arranged muscle fibers that run the length of their body but not around so not capable of peristalsis, only can thrash from side to side
- Males have copulatory spicules that are inserted in females body for sperm to crawl out of and also have a hooked end
- Ascaris is an important parasite for humans and pigs.
ie Hookworms, Guinea Worm, Trichinosis, Filarial Worms, Heartworm, Elephantiasis
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Hookworms
- Factor into top 3 parasitic infections
- Affects 1 billion people worldwide and is not eradicated in the US as previously thought
- Associated with poor sanitation and poverty
- Leads to fatigue, iron deficiency anemia, developmental delays in children
- Two important species for humans
- Tend to like warmer environments, the hookworm lives in intestines and feeds on blood and tissue taking in up to 50-60 ml of blood everyday
- Hookworm eggs leave human in body in feces and then develop in the soil, reach phalarly larvae stage and cross up grass blades waiting for humans to enter hair follicles in lower extremities
- Travel from body to lungs and then cross into air sacs and migrate up the respiratory tree to the trachea, swallowing puts them down the esophagus which takes them to the intestines where their full effect take place.
*symbol for healing is the worm around a stick that removes the guinea worm.
- Affects 1 billion people worldwide and is not eradicated in the US as previously thought
- Associated with poor sanitation and poverty
- Leads to fatigue, iron deficiency anemia, developmental delays in children
- Two important species for humans
- Tend to like warmer environments, the hookworm lives in intestines and feeds on blood and tissue taking in up to 50-60 ml of blood everyday
- Hookworm eggs leave human in body in feces and then develop in the soil, reach phalarly larvae stage and cross up grass blades waiting for humans to enter hair follicles in lower extremities
- Travel from body to lungs and then cross into air sacs and migrate up the respiratory tree to the trachea, swallowing puts them down the esophagus which takes them to the intestines where their full effect take place.
*symbol for healing is the worm around a stick that removes the guinea worm.
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Guinea Worm
- females give birth to live young and live in subcutaneous tissue, acquired by drinking worm larvae and hatch out in body and female comes to surface that comes out as a sore
- On the verge of eradicating, may be first parastire/disease to be eliminated since smallpox
- Traditional method is winding female body around a tick for about 2 mm a day.
- On the verge of eradicating, may be first parastire/disease to be eliminated since smallpox
- Traditional method is winding female body around a tick for about 2 mm a day.
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Trichinosis
Forms cysts in calcified meat in skeletal muscle, particularly in pork.
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Filarial worms
River blindness, worm crawls to eyes and can causes blindness with they die
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heartworm
transmitted by mosquitoes
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elephantiasis
lower extremities becomes blocked in lymphatic circulation with the filarial worm
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Arthropoda
- Have freely movable jointed appendages which gives them their flexibility in locomotion and capacity for flight
- Successful because of their basic body form, segmented into head thorax and abdomen, fused body sections (tagmata) with different functional areas.
- Head is for sensory and feeding. Well developed eyes made up of individual units called opmetidia, each is capable of forming a vision so flies can see while they’re flying and moving very fast
- sense changes in their environment through hair like structures called setae that come through the rigid chitinous exoskeleton which must be molten for the organism to grow.
- Setae are connected to the nervous system.
- Arthropoda means jointed foot, muscle runs across joint from one side to the other inside the skeleton, in vertebrates muscles run along joints on the outside of the exoskeleton
- Movement capability usually associated with thorax while the abdomen is where the organs are and involved in reproduction
- Exoskeleton sometimes eaten so proteins are not lost.
- GI tract divided in foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
- Sometimes two part stomach with a gastric mill for grinding mostly in crustaceans
- Respiratory organs depend on environment, so gills for aquatic arthropods and book lungs for spiders, equivalent to tracheal system in insects, opening down abandonment called spiracles that are the entrance point to their balloon like air sacs
- Open circulation
- Separate sexes.
- For terrestrial, internal fertilization, for aquatic mostly sperm and egg released in water column.
ie Crustaceans, Chelicerates,
- Successful because of their basic body form, segmented into head thorax and abdomen, fused body sections (tagmata) with different functional areas.
- Head is for sensory and feeding. Well developed eyes made up of individual units called opmetidia, each is capable of forming a vision so flies can see while they’re flying and moving very fast
- sense changes in their environment through hair like structures called setae that come through the rigid chitinous exoskeleton which must be molten for the organism to grow.
- Setae are connected to the nervous system.
- Arthropoda means jointed foot, muscle runs across joint from one side to the other inside the skeleton, in vertebrates muscles run along joints on the outside of the exoskeleton
- Movement capability usually associated with thorax while the abdomen is where the organs are and involved in reproduction
- Exoskeleton sometimes eaten so proteins are not lost.
- GI tract divided in foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
- Sometimes two part stomach with a gastric mill for grinding mostly in crustaceans
- Respiratory organs depend on environment, so gills for aquatic arthropods and book lungs for spiders, equivalent to tracheal system in insects, opening down abandonment called spiracles that are the entrance point to their balloon like air sacs
- Open circulation
- Separate sexes.
- For terrestrial, internal fertilization, for aquatic mostly sperm and egg released in water column.
ie Crustaceans, Chelicerates,
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Ecdysis
- hormonally controlled by interplay of x and y organs
- Hormone ecdysone is an inhibitory hormone that keeps molting from happening, when shut off it’s released from y organ and triggers phenomena that start in the premolt phase where the old cuticle starts to break down by enzymes, and the new cuticle is secreted underneath it and the old cuticle is shed and new cuticle is expanded with air or water and then the animals grow into the new cuticle over time.
- Hormone ecdysone is an inhibitory hormone that keeps molting from happening, when shut off it’s released from y organ and triggers phenomena that start in the premolt phase where the old cuticle starts to break down by enzymes, and the new cuticle is secreted underneath it and the old cuticle is shed and new cuticle is expanded with air or water and then the animals grow into the new cuticle over time.
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Crustaceans
ie aquatic arthropods, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, crab, krill
- Mostly marine but some are freshwater and lots are free living some are parasitic
- Tough calcified exoskeleton
- Head thorax and abdomen
- Head and thorax sometimes fused into cephalothorax covered by dorsal caravous
- Walk legs have two parts so biramous, one pair of celopeds and 4 pairs of walking legs
- Countercurrent exchange, swimmerets run down abdomen of males
- Flat appendages on tail called uropods that help them swim and that is their primary means of escape by flipping their tail
- On the head there are two pairs of antennae and one pair of compound eyes
- Ventral solid nerve cord running length of body and complete digestive tract and open circulatory system.
- Mostly marine but some are freshwater and lots are free living some are parasitic
- Tough calcified exoskeleton
- Head thorax and abdomen
- Head and thorax sometimes fused into cephalothorax covered by dorsal caravous
- Walk legs have two parts so biramous, one pair of celopeds and 4 pairs of walking legs
- Countercurrent exchange, swimmerets run down abdomen of males
- Flat appendages on tail called uropods that help them swim and that is their primary means of escape by flipping their tail
- On the head there are two pairs of antennae and one pair of compound eyes
- Ventral solid nerve cord running length of body and complete digestive tract and open circulatory system.
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Cherlicerates
ie spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and horseshoe crab; largely terrestrial
- Some spiders like black widow inject neurotoxins that paralyses nervous system, black widow also eats male after copulation.
- Others inject hemolytic toxins that break capillaries
- All appendages attached to cephalothorax and they don't have any appendages on their head (no antennae)
- First pair of appendages are chelicerae, feeding organs that are modified into fangs in arachnids that inject the toxins
- Second pair are pedipalps which are most important for spider in terms of holding prey
- In horseshoe crab they're modified for latching onto the female when migrating inwards to lay their eggs
- 4 more pairs of walking legs. Book lung/gills on the abdomen
- 80% of black widow spider bites are males
- Male doesn’t bite, the female does and is also larger than the male.
- Female also produced latrotoxin and it results on muscle cramps and respiratory distress
- Brown recluse spider has hemolytic toxin that destroys capillaries and leads to bleeding
- Funnel web spider is australia has very long fangs and adjusts toxicity depending on size of prey
- Spiders have a variety of silk glands to produce spider silk is stronger than iron
- Web weaving is an inherited behavior.
*Horseshoe crab are used for vision studies because they have compound and vision eyes. Spike like telson is their only means of defense and they have a joint between telson and abdomen that allows for greater movement
- Hemolymph has Limulus amebocyte lysate where they bleed the crab because their blood clots in the presence of bacterial endotoxins in order to isolate the bacteria from organism
- Their blood is dried and used as an assay to assess to the sterility of pharmaceutical agents.
- Some spiders like black widow inject neurotoxins that paralyses nervous system, black widow also eats male after copulation.
- Others inject hemolytic toxins that break capillaries
- All appendages attached to cephalothorax and they don't have any appendages on their head (no antennae)
- First pair of appendages are chelicerae, feeding organs that are modified into fangs in arachnids that inject the toxins
- Second pair are pedipalps which are most important for spider in terms of holding prey
- In horseshoe crab they're modified for latching onto the female when migrating inwards to lay their eggs
- 4 more pairs of walking legs. Book lung/gills on the abdomen
- 80% of black widow spider bites are males
- Male doesn’t bite, the female does and is also larger than the male.
- Female also produced latrotoxin and it results on muscle cramps and respiratory distress
- Brown recluse spider has hemolytic toxin that destroys capillaries and leads to bleeding
- Funnel web spider is australia has very long fangs and adjusts toxicity depending on size of prey
- Spiders have a variety of silk glands to produce spider silk is stronger than iron
- Web weaving is an inherited behavior.
*Horseshoe crab are used for vision studies because they have compound and vision eyes. Spike like telson is their only means of defense and they have a joint between telson and abdomen that allows for greater movement
- Hemolymph has Limulus amebocyte lysate where they bleed the crab because their blood clots in the presence of bacterial endotoxins in order to isolate the bacteria from organism
- Their blood is dried and used as an assay to assess to the sterility of pharmaceutical agents.
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Uniramians
- Characterized by unbranched appendages, include hexapoda (insects) and myriapods (many legs, millipedes and centipedes).
ie hexapods, myripods
ie hexapods, myripods
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Hexapods
- Appendages all attached to the thorax, 3 pairs of legs, 0-2 pairs of wings.
- Head appendages include 1 antenna, 1 pair mandible, and 1-2 pairs of maxillae
- Have compound eyes and sometimes eyespot. Thorax has legs attached, so they’re fast moving organisms also because of their nervous system and their storage of energy in connective tissue
- Important as vectors for many diseases. Breath using tracheal system
- Foregut and hindgut lined by chitin
- Grasshoppers are phytophagous so they feed on plant matter like most insects, some catch and eat other insects
- Some have to bite and chew parts, and some have piercing mouthparts and contractile tongues.
- Heart has a series of holes called Ostia. Solid ventral nerve cord with a series of ganglia along it and a complex lobed brain
- Separate sexes adapted for transferring sperm from male to female
- Tracheae terminate in cells that are like air sacs. Some have wings that are directly attached to muscles, some are thick and membranous, and some are covered in hair
- Communication involves hormones, pheromones, sounds, and tympanum vibrates in response to sound waves
- Live in social organizations like bees when they dance to tell other bees where food is and division of labor like a queen for reproduction
- Have the ability to concentrate on their waste products.
- Malpighian tubules situated at the hindgut allow insects to produce semi-solid waste products in the form of uric acid to maximize water conservation.
- Head appendages include 1 antenna, 1 pair mandible, and 1-2 pairs of maxillae
- Have compound eyes and sometimes eyespot. Thorax has legs attached, so they’re fast moving organisms also because of their nervous system and their storage of energy in connective tissue
- Important as vectors for many diseases. Breath using tracheal system
- Foregut and hindgut lined by chitin
- Grasshoppers are phytophagous so they feed on plant matter like most insects, some catch and eat other insects
- Some have to bite and chew parts, and some have piercing mouthparts and contractile tongues.
- Heart has a series of holes called Ostia. Solid ventral nerve cord with a series of ganglia along it and a complex lobed brain
- Separate sexes adapted for transferring sperm from male to female
- Tracheae terminate in cells that are like air sacs. Some have wings that are directly attached to muscles, some are thick and membranous, and some are covered in hair
- Communication involves hormones, pheromones, sounds, and tympanum vibrates in response to sound waves
- Live in social organizations like bees when they dance to tell other bees where food is and division of labor like a queen for reproduction
- Have the ability to concentrate on their waste products.
- Malpighian tubules situated at the hindgut allow insects to produce semi-solid waste products in the form of uric acid to maximize water conservation.
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Insect Metamorphosis
3 strategies: Ametabolous, Hemimetabolous, Holometabolous
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Ametabolous scheme/development
- no metamorphosis, organism just gets bigger, looks
just like adult but smaller when hatches out of egg
- Mostly wingless like silverfish
- likes eating paper, glue, fabric, cereal, photos
just like adult but smaller when hatches out of egg
- Mostly wingless like silverfish
- likes eating paper, glue, fabric, cereal, photos
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Hemimetabolous
- gradual, incomplete metamorphosis like dragonflies.
- Nymph stage hatches from the egg and they have no wings which gradually develop from external buds and reproductive organs develop internally and they molt and get larger and form wings.
- Nymph stage hatches from the egg and they have no wings which gradually develop from external buds and reproductive organs develop internally and they molt and get larger and form wings.
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Holometabolous
- complete metamorphosis
- 88% of insects go through this
- Egg goes into larval stage (maggot/caterpillar) have biting chewing mouthparts and then grows until its triggered to enter pupa stage where its encased in chrysalis cocoon like structure, a period of very intense activity where imaginal discs form into adult structures and then butterfly or mosquito emerges that is capable of sexual reproduction and flight
- no molting in adult stage
- Wings develop internally
- Adult stage is usually for reproduction not feeding.
- 88% of insects go through this
- Egg goes into larval stage (maggot/caterpillar) have biting chewing mouthparts and then grows until its triggered to enter pupa stage where its encased in chrysalis cocoon like structure, a period of very intense activity where imaginal discs form into adult structures and then butterfly or mosquito emerges that is capable of sexual reproduction and flight
- no molting in adult stage
- Wings develop internally
- Adult stage is usually for reproduction not feeding.
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Myripods
ie Chilopoda: centipedes
- one pair of legs per body segment
- Body is flattened dorsoventrally and are fast-acting carnivores and inject toxins to paralyze their prey.
- Legs are lateral of the body
ie Diplopods
- two pairs of legs per body segment.
- Body is rounded and legs sit at the bottom.
- Slow-moving deposit feeders. Much larger and slower than centipedes.
- one pair of legs per body segment
- Body is flattened dorsoventrally and are fast-acting carnivores and inject toxins to paralyze their prey.
- Legs are lateral of the body
ie Diplopods
- two pairs of legs per body segment.
- Body is rounded and legs sit at the bottom.
- Slow-moving deposit feeders. Much larger and slower than centipedes.
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Deuterostomes
- true coelom that comes about through enterocoely
- Include echinoderms, chordates (include invertebrates and vertebrates)
ie echinodermata
- Include echinoderms, chordates (include invertebrates and vertebrates)
ie echinodermata
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Echinodermata
- spiny skinned marine animals
ie Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sun stars, brittle stars sea urchins, and sea lilies
- Slow moving and are characterised by being marine because they can’t osmoregulate
- Also have pentamerous (5 part) radial symmetry as adults
- Decentralized nervous system to respond to all sides
- Bilateral larvae, start of with dorsal and ventral then as adults have oral and aboral sides
- Endoskeleton is calcium rich and covered with spines. Endoskeleton and muscular system has the ability to change the consistency of their connective tissue very quickly and can also drop body parts (Autotomy)
- Have regeneration powers, all you need is 1 arm and 1/8th of the central disc
- No head or well developed sensory organs.
- Extensive coelom transformed into water vascular system, tied into all life functions: respiration, excretion, feeding, etc. closed circulation
Madreporite allows water to come in on aboral surface
ie Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sun stars, brittle stars sea urchins, and sea lilies
- Slow moving and are characterised by being marine because they can’t osmoregulate
- Also have pentamerous (5 part) radial symmetry as adults
- Decentralized nervous system to respond to all sides
- Bilateral larvae, start of with dorsal and ventral then as adults have oral and aboral sides
- Endoskeleton is calcium rich and covered with spines. Endoskeleton and muscular system has the ability to change the consistency of their connective tissue very quickly and can also drop body parts (Autotomy)
- Have regeneration powers, all you need is 1 arm and 1/8th of the central disc
- No head or well developed sensory organs.
- Extensive coelom transformed into water vascular system, tied into all life functions: respiration, excretion, feeding, etc. closed circulation
Madreporite allows water to come in on aboral surface