Chapter 3 - Hons. Phys. Science

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

what are the 4 states of matter

vibrate

only type of movement particles in a solid do is...

crystalline solid

- orderly arrangement of atoms/molecules-
- regular or repeating pattern
ex. ice, diamond, iron

amorphous solid

- random arrangement of atoms/molecules
- each particle is in a particular place but, no organized pattern
ex. wax, rubber, glass

thermal energy

the kinetic energy of a substance's atoms

temperature

- a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of an object
- the heat of something

endothermic change

- require energy
- gets hotter/absorbs heat

melting point

temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

evaporation

the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas below the boiling point
- happens on on the surface

boiling

the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas, at or above the boiling point
- happens throughout the liquid

sublimation

process by which a slid changes directly to a gas

exothermic change

- release energy
- gets colder

condensation

the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid

freezing

the change of a substance from a liquid to a solid

temperature and state change

when a substance gains or loses energy, either the temperature changes or the temperature changes, but they don't happen at the same time

conservation of mass

mass cannot be created or destroyed, it just changes form

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed , only converted from one form to another

buoyant force

the upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid

pressure

the amount of force exerted per unit of area

archimedes principle

putting something solid in water, displaces the water

pascals principle

a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel exerts a pressure of equal intensity in all directions

hydraulic devices

- when a small force is applied to a small area it is transmitted equally through the fluid to the large area, creating a large force
- based on pascal's principle
- uses liquids since they can't be compressed
- small first, large last

boyle's law

- states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature. the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the has decreases and the volume of the gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases
- volume and pressure = inversely proportionate
- P1(V1) = P2(V2)

charles law

- for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases
- constant pressure, if volume decreases, temperature decreases and vice versa
- temperature and volume = proportionate

gay-lussac's law

- states that the pressure of gas at a constant volume is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature
- volume is constant, if temperature increases , pressure increases
- pressure and volume = proportionate

deposition

the change of a gas to a solid