blood

connective tissue

What type of tissue is blood?

cells; matrix

Components of blood include \________ (formed elements) and \_____________ (plasma).

transport, defense, and homeostasis

The functions of blood include \________________, \_______________, and \__________________.

O2, CO2

Blood transports \____ and nutrients into the body, and \_____ out.

metabolic wastes

What does the blood transport to the lungs and kidneys?

Hormones

What does the blood transport from endocrine organs to target organs?

prevents blood loss and aids in immunity

In what ways does the blood act as defense?

body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

How does blood aid in regulating homeostasis?

bright red

What color is oxygenated blood?

dusky red

What color is deoxygenated blood?

7.35-7.45

What is the pH of blood?

38°C (100.4°F)

What is the temperature of blood?

5X

Blood is \____ more viscous than water.

adult males

Do adult males or females produce more blood?

matrix (plasma)

What are the non-living components of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

What are the (living) formed elements of blood?

Hematocrit

What test measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood?

Anemia

What is the disorder characterized by a lack of red blood cells in your blood?

Polycythemia

What is the disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood?

water, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

What are the main components of plasma?

Albumin

What is the most abundant protein found in plasma that acts as a binding protein and aids in blood pressure?

Globulin

What protein found in the blood acts a transporter protein and contains antibodies and immunoglobulins?

Fibrinogen

Which blood protein is essential to blood clotting? (active form: fibrin)

totipotent stem cells

What type of stem cells have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell? (least differentiated)

pluripotent stem cells

What type of stem cells are capable of developing into multiple body cell within the 3 embryonic layers? (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

multipotent stem cells

What type of stem cells are mesenchymal cells that continue to differentiate specific cells within tissue types? (most differentiated)

hemopoietic stem cell

What kind of stem cell differentiates into blood components? (hemopoiesis)

erythropoietin (EPO)

Which hormone secreted by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell formation?

Thrombopoietin

Which hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys stimulates the formation of megakaryocytes?

Leukopoietin

Which hormone stimulates the formation of leukocytes?

Cytokines

What protein works with growth hormones and acts as a signal?

myeloid stem cell or lymphoid stem cell

What can a hemocytoblast differentiate into?

thrombocytes, erythrocytes, some leukocytes, and monocytes

What can myeloid stem cells differentiate into?

basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil

What type of leukocytes can a myeloid stem cell differentiate into?

Macrophage

What can a monocyte differentiate into?

natural killer cell or small lymphocyte

What type of leukocytes can the lymphoid stem cell differentiate into?

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

What are the two types of lymphocytes that a small lymphocyte can differentiate into?

myeloid stem cells give rise to granulated WBC's and lymphoid stem cells give rise to non-granulated WBC's

What is the main physical difference between the WBC's from the myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell?

formation of blood cells

What is hematopoiesis?

bone marrow

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

oxygen; carbon dioxide

RBC's transport \______________ from lungs to body tissues and \_____________ \____________ to lungs to be exhaled.

Spectrin

Which fibrous protein provides the flexibility of RBC's?

False; RBC's never leave blood vessels

T.F: RBC's can leave the blood vessels if necessary.

Enucleated

Are mature RBC's nucleated or enucleated?

increases surface area

What function does the bi-concave shape of an RBC serve?

Hemoglobin

What protein are RBC's filled with?

True

T.F: Red blood cells are exemplary in structure complementing function.

Reversibly

Does hemoglobin bind oxygen irreversibly or reversibly?

Oxygen

The heme in the hemoglobin contains iron, iron attracts what?

2 alpha, 2 beta

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains (globulin proteins), what are those structural components?

Bilirubin

Hemoglobin degrades into what pigment?

Oxyhemoglobin

A bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Darker red substance produced when oxygen is unbound from hemoglobin.

carbon monoxide

What binds to hemoglobin irreversibly and is very dangerous?

low oxygen in blood

What is hypoxia?

erythropoietin (EPO)

If oxygen levels are low in blood, the kidney releases \______________________ to increase the amount of RBCs in the blood?

low RBC concentration

What is anemia?

fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

If someone has a low RBC concentration (anemia), they also have a low oxygen carrying capacity. What type of symptoms does that cause?

high RBC concentration

What is polycythemia?

increases blood viscosity - sluggish flow

What happens to the blood if someone has polycythemia?

sickle-cell anemia

Which disorder presents as crescent shaped RBC's when oxygen is low?

Leukocytes

What is the only formed element in blood that is a complete cell with a nuclei and organelles?

defense against disease

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

True (via emigration)

T,F: Leukocytes are the only formed element that can leave the capillaries.

positive chemotaxis

What "911" signal is released from an injury site that signals to WBC that help is needed?

Short

Do WBC's have a short or long life?

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What are the two major categories of leukocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What leukocytes are considered granulocytes (contain visible granules)?

lymphocytes and monocytes

What leukocytes are considered agranulocytes (do not contain visible granules)?

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Place the leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant.

Neutrophils

Which granulocyte is the first and most rapid responder and is polymorphonuclear (has nucleus has 3-6 lobes)?

defensin and lysozyme

The granules of neutrophils contain 2 enzymes that attack microbes; \_______________ which pierce holes in membrane of ingested microbes and \_____________ which breaks down cell wall.

Eosinophils

Which granulocyte has a two lobed nucleus (looks like ear muffs) and attacks parasitic worms?

antihistamines and digestive enzymes

Eosinophil granules contain \________________________ which decrease inflammation and \________________ \_______________ which are released on parasitic worms.

phagocytosis

When antibodies bind to the antigen on the pathogen, it causes \___________________.

Basophils

Which granulocyte is the most rare of all WBCs and is also bi-lobed?

histamine and heparin

The granules in basophils contain \__________________ which intensify inflammatory response and \__________________ which opposes blood clotting.

natural killers, T-lymphocytes, and B-lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are agranulocytes; what are the three types?

natural killers

Which lymphocytes are non specific and attacks cells that do not express "self" proteins on their membrane?

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Which lymphocyte matures in the thymus and acts directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells?

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Which lymphocyte matures within bone marrow and gives rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies?

Leukemia

An overproduction of lymphocytes can cause what?

Leukopenia

Under production of lymphocytes can result in what?

Monocytes

Which leukocyte is the only agranulocyte from the myeloid stem cell, is the largest, has a kidney shaped nucleus, and can differentiate into macrophages?

Lymphocytes

Monocytes activate \________________ to initiate immune responses and tells them what and where to attack.

Megakaryocytes

What cell differentiates from the myeloid stem cell and eventually produces platelets?

thrombopoietin (TPO)

Which hormone from the liver and kidney regulates the production of platelets?

thrombocytosis

What is an excess of platelets called?

Thrombocytopenia

What is a deficiency in platelets called?

Hemostasis

\_________________ is the fast series of reactions to stop bleeding.

Step 1: Vascular spasm, Step 2: Platelet plug formation, Step 3: Coagulation (blood clotting)

What are three steps involved in hemostasis?

Step 1: Vascular Spasm

Which step of hemostasis involves smooth muscle contracting, causing vasoconstriction to restrict blood flow.

Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation

Which step of hemostasis involves platelets sticking to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged and chemical messengers are released to signal more platelets to activate?

positive feedback cycle

Is the process of blood clotting a positive or negative feedback cycle?

Step 3: Coagulation

Which step of hemostasis involves the actual clotting moment?

extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway, and common pathway

What are the three pathways of coagulation?

extrinsic pathway

Which coagulation pathway is triggered by trauma?

intrinsic pathway

Which coagulation pathway begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel?

12

How many clotting factors are there?

Inhibit coagulation

What do anticoagulants do?