WHAP 1.1

What innovations improved shipbuilding in Song China?

Watertight bulkheads and stern-mounted rudders on junks increased navigation accuracy.

What was the primary focus of Theravada Buddhism?

Escaping the cycle of birth and death, restricted to monks committed to monastic life.

What was Korea's relationship with Song China?

Korea maintained a tributary relationship, acknowledging China's superiority and adopting Chinese cultural practices.

What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism?

It emphasizes accessible teachings and compassion for all.

How did Confucian hierarchical relationships influence Song Dynasty society?

They emphasized duties of the lesser to the greater, such as filial piety and obedience to rulers.

What is Neo-Confucianism?

Neo-Confucianism is a revival of Confucianism influenced by Buddhist and Taoist ideas during the Song Dynasty.

What was the purpose of the imperial bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty?

To carry out the emperor's will and govern effectively, staffed by officials selected through civil service exams.

What was Champa rice and its impact?

A drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that could be harvested twice a year, doubling agricultural output.

In what ways did Vietnamese women differ from Chinese women in their societal roles?

Vietnamese women were less marginalized, with female deities and a female Buddha, and they did not practice foot binding.

Why did Vietnam experience significant Chinese influence despite political independence?

Vietnam was geographically close and participated in the Chinese tributary system, adopting Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese literary techniques.

What is the significance of the Eightfold Path?

It outlines principles and practices for ending suffering, including morality and meditation.

What was the main philosophy used by Song Dynasty rulers to justify their power?

Confucianism, especially its hierarchical social relationships and filial piety, was used to justify ruling authority.

How did the civil service examination system impact the Song bureaucracy?

It staffed the government with qualified members based on merit and Confucian Classics knowledge.

What cultural elements did Korea adopt from China due to its tributary relationship?

Adopted a similar civil service exam, Confucian family principles, and marginalized women.

What are key features of Tibetan Buddhism?

It combines basic doctrines with mystical practices like elaborate deity imaginings.

How did Japan's cultural adoption from China differ from Korea's?

Japan voluntarily adopted Chinese bureaucracy, Buddhism, and writing system, often before the Song Dynasty.

What is Chan Buddhism?

A Chinese-developed form of Buddhism emphasizing meditation and direct insight.

What factors contributed to the economic prosperity of the Song Dynasty?

Commercialization, iron and steel production, agricultural innovations, and transportation improvements.

What was foot binding and its social significance?

Foot binding involved breaking and tightly binding girls' feet to make them smaller, serving as a status symbol for elite men and limiting women's mobility.

How did the expansion of the Grand Canal benefit Song China?

It improved transportation by linking the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, facilitating trade and movement.

How did commercialization aid Song China's economy?

By producing surplus goods for export and using paper money, credit, and promissory notes.

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

Life is suffering

Suffering arises from craving

Suffering ceases when craving ceases

The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering.

What are the main branches of Buddhism and their origins?

Theravada from Sri Lanka, Mahayana from East Asia, Tibetan from Tibet, and Chan Buddhism from China.

What were some negative social effects of Confucian hierarchical values in Song China?

Women were subordinate, legal rights restricted, property became husband's, and foot binding was practiced.