Chapter 7: Endocrine System

aden/o

gland

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal gland

cortic/o

outer surface

crin/o

secrete

-emia

blood condition

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

sugar

gonad/o

gonads (sex organs)

hormon/o

hormone

hypophys/o

pituitary gland

ket/o

ketone body

pancreat/o

pancreas

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

thym/o

thymus

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid

-tropin

stimulating hormone

-uria

urine condition

Acidemia

abnormal acidity of the blood

Acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

Adenalgia

pain in a gland

Adenectomy

removal of a gland

Adenitis

inflammation of a gland

Adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of a gland

Adenoma

glandular tumor

Adenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of a gland

Adenopathy

gland disease

Adenosis

gland condition

Adrenal adenoma

tumor of the adrenal gland

Adrenal insufficiency

condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones

Adrenal Virilism

development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland

Adrenalectomy

removal of the adrenal gland

Adrenaline

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (from Latin; see also epinephrine)

Adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal gland

Adrenarche

beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)

Adrenocortical carcinoma

cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland

Adrenocortical insufficiency

condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones

Adrenocorticohyperplasia

overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland

Adrenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland

Alkalemia

abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity) of blood

Amenorrhea

lack of menstrual flow

Calciuria

calcium in the urine

Chloremia

increased chloride in the blood

Cholangiopancreatography

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin

Corticotropin

shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone

Diabetes mellitus

metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia

Diabetic ketoacidosis

acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy

Dysmetabolic syndrome

combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism

Endocrine

secrete internally (i.e., into the bloodstream)

Endocrinologist

specialist in internal secretions

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract intro the bile duct

Epinephrine

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (from Greek; see also adrenaline)

Euglycemia

good blood sugar

Euthyroid

a normal function thyroid

Exocrine

secrete externally through ducts to the surface of an organ (i.e., sweat glands and salivary glands)

Exophthalmos

protrusion of the eyes out of the eye sockets

Galactorrhea

discharge of milk

Glucagon

hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels

Glucocorticoid

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metabolism

Gluconeogenesis

the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Glucosuria

sugar in the urine

Glycemic index

ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood

Glycolysis

breakdown of sugar

Glycopenia

deficiency of sugar

Goiter

swollen thyroid gland

Gonadogenesis

creation/development of gonads

Gonadotropin

hormone that stimulates the gonads

Gynecomastia

development of breast tissue in males

Hirsutism

excessive growth of facial and body hair in women

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Hypercholesterolemia

excessive cholesterol in the blood

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Hypergonadism

excessive secretion of the sex glands

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

Hyperlipidemia

excessive fat in blood

Hyperparathyroidism

overproduction by the parathyroid glands

Hyperpituitarism

overfunctioning of the pituitary gland

Hyperthyroidism

overproduction by the thyroid

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Hypoglycemic

pertaining to low blood sugar

Hypogonadism

undersecretion of the sex glands

Hypomagnesemia

deficient magnesium in the blood

Hypernatremia

excessive salt in the blood

Hypoparathyroidism

underproduction by the parathyroid

Hyperphosphatemia

excessive phosphate in the blood

Hypophysectomy

removal of the pituitary gland

Hypophysitis

inflammation of the pituitary gland

Hypopituitarism

condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland

Hypothyroidism

underproduction by the thyroid

Insulin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats

Insulinoma

tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)

Ketogenesis

creation of ketone bodies

Ketogenic diet

diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body

Ketonuria

ketone bodies in the urine

Ketosis

condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

removal of an adrenal gland by means of a laparoscope (an instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)

Menarche

beginning or first menstruation

Metabolism

breakdown of matter into energy

Pancreatalgia

pain in the pancreas