Human Development and Environmental Health lecture notes

Practice flashcards covering food groups, body composition assessment, eating disorders, chronic diseases of lifestyle, environmental hazards (air/water), and safety/ventilation standards.

What specific items are included in Food Group D?

Yellow/orange coloured vegetables: butternut, carrot, pumpkin, and dark-orange sweet potato.

Which items belong to Food Group I?

Liver, kidney, heart, lung, chicken giblets, chicken head and feet, and tripe.

Define Body Composition as per the lecture notes.

The partitioning of body mass into fat-free mass (weight or percentage) and fat mass (weight or percentage).

What are the components of fat-free mass?

Water, protein, bone, and minerals.

Where is essential fat located in the human body?

Bone marrow, central nervous system, cell membrane, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, and muscle.

What is the criterion laboratory measure for determining body composition through body density calculation?

Hydrostatic (Underwater) Weighing, also known as Densitometry.

What are the protocol requirements for taking skinfold thickness measurements?

Measurements should always be taken on the right side and recorded three times.

What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) or the Quetelet Index?

$$BMI = \frac{\text{Body weight in Kg}}{\text{height}^2\text{ in meters}}$$

What BMI range is classified as 'Overweight'?

Between $25$ and $29.99\,kg/m^2$.

What are the health risk ranges for Waist-to-Hip Ratio (W/H) in men and females aged 17-39?

For men, $0.9-0.98$ is a health risk; for females aged 17-39 years, the ratio is $0.80$.

What are the cut-off points for waist girth associated with high risk for cardiovascular disease?

$\ge 102\,cm$ for Males and $\ge 88\,cm$ for Females.

According to the notes, what is the only way to reduce the actual number of fat cells?

Once created, fat cell numbers are not reduced even when losing weight; Liposuction (surgical removal) is the only way to get rid of them.

Describe the characteristics of Android fat distribution.

Predominantly found in males, it is an upper body 'apple' pattern (neck and abdomen), involves internal fat, hard deposits, large cell size, and easy mobilization via Beta receptors.

Describe the characteristics of Gynoid fat distribution.

Predominantly found in females, it is a lower body 'pear' pattern (thighs and buttocks), involves subcutaneous fat, soft deposits, small cell size, and difficult mobilization via Alpha receptors.

What is the biological function of gluteo-femoral fat in females?

It is linked to reproductive functions and may produce energy during the later stages of pregnancy and during lactation.

Define Anorexia Nervosa.

An eating disorder characterized by marked self-induced weight loss accompanied by an intense fear of fatness and reproductive hormonal changes.

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

An eating disorder marked by an unrealistic appraisal of body weight and/or shape manifested by alternating bingeing and purging behavior.

How are Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) or chronic diseases of lifestyle defined?

Medical conditions or diseases that are non-infectious and non-transmissible among people, including cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, diabetes, and mental illness.

What are the major modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases of lifestyle?

Unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and physical inactivity.

What percentages of Nitrogen ($N_2$) and Oxygen ($O_2$) make up the atmosphere?

Nitrogen ($N_2$) accounts for $78.08\%$ and Oxygen ($O_2$) accounts for $20.95\%$.

What are aerosols in the context of air pollution?

The solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, such as car exhaust, dust, pollen, and mold spores.

What is the definition of Classroom Safety provided in the notes?

The provision of education and guidance by teachers to promote positive student behaviors and prevent negative behaviors and accidents.

What is the minimum width requirement for an office exit?

All exits should be at least $28\,\text{inches}$ wide.

Define point source water pollution.

Contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch (e.g., a factory or sewage treatment plant).

What is Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)?

An extract ventilation system that captures or contains contaminants (dust, mists, gases, fumes) at their source before they escape into the workroom environment.

What are the four main parts of a Local Exhaust Ventilation system?

1. Hoods, 2. Ducts, 3. Air cleaner device, 4. Fan and motor.

Under what condition is the use of Dilution Ventilation (DV) prohibited?

To control the emission of very toxic air contaminants, such as formaldehyde or other carcinogenic chemicals.