Bacteria

Binary Fission

The way that prokaryotic cells divide; DNA replication leads directly to cytokinesis with no agglomeration into chromosomes first

Coccus

Diplococci

Diplococci Encapsulated

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Sarcina

Tetrad

Coccobacillus

Bacillus

Diplobacilli

Palisades

Streptobacilli

Hypha

Stalk

Enlarged Rod Fusobacterium

Vibrio

Comma Form

Also called bdellovibrio

Club Rod

Also called corynebacteriaceae

Helical Form

Corkscrew Form

Spirochete

Filamentous

Flagella

Rotating organelle used by motile bacteria

Pleomorphic

Does not have a fixed cell shape but instead alters their morphology in response to environmental conditions

Gram Staining

Type of differential stain in which bacteria must first be heat fixed so that the bacteria are able to hold the primary stain and keep the bacteria in place) before sequentially treating them with 4 different reagents

Cationic Stain

Primary Stain; usually crystal violet or methylene blue) that is taken up by both gram + and - bacteria; cells are usually incubated with the dye for at least one minute

Crystal Violet

A type of dye that disassociates into CV+ and Cl- ions in an aqueous solution; the ions penetrate through the cell wall and CV+ associates with the - charged functional groups in cell walls

Mordant

Usually gram’s iodide solution; contains anions that complex with the positively charged primary stain inside of gram pos cell walls, preventing easy removal of primary stain when cells are washed with a decolorizer; usually incubated for at least a minute

Decolorizer

Often ethanol or acetone; used to wash the primary stain off of the surface of any gram-negative bacteria; which cannot remove any primary stain molecules that were fixed inside gram pos cell walls by the mordant; alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of gram neg bacteria, removing any primary stain on gram neg cells

Counterstain

Often safranin, basic fuchsin, or carbol fuchsin; stains both cells but is not visible on gram pos cells bc of the primary stain

Exotoxins

What do most gram positive bacteria produce?

Phenol

What type of disinfectants are gram + bacteria most susceptible to?

purple

what color are gram +

Gram positive

lacks periplasmic space

periplasmic space

space btw the cytoplasm and outer membranes

gram positive

lack an outer membrane

Gram negative

Have thinner walls of peptidoglycan and two membranes with a periplasmic space in between

Gram negative

reddish-pink

Gram negative

More difficult to kill bc of more complex cell membrane structure

Acid-fast

Type of bacteria that are hard to classify with a gram stain; stain either weakly gram pos or neg

Acid-fast

Type of bacteria that have thinner layers of peptidoglycan comprising the cell wall and an outer lipid membrane coating the cell wall (in addition to the bilayer beneath cell wall that constitutes the cytoplasmic membrane that all bacteria have)

Gram negative

Have an outer phospholipid bilayer rich in lipopolysaccharide

Acid-fast

Type of bacteria with a complex layer beyond cell walls; directly above the peptidoglycan wall is an arabinogalactan (structural polysaccharide) that is covalently bound to a layer of mycolic acids that comprise the inner leaflet of the outermost lipid bilayer

acid fast

type of bacteria in which the outer leaflet of the outermost lipid bilayer contains free mycolic acids, phospholipids, and glycolipids; also contains surface and porin proteins that span the outer membrane and facilitate transport

L-form, L-phase

type of bacteria that lack cell walls; can arise from gram pos or neg bacteria

Conjugation

a method of horizontal gene transfer in which a bacterium can transfer some of its own DNA into other bacteria via pilus; seen with penicillin binding proteins, where a bacterium with the protein can give it to another bacteria

Transduction

a method of horizontal gene transfer in which a bacteriophage infects a bacterium and takes some of its DNA after replication; the replicated bacteriophages infect other bacteria and insert the previous bacteria’s DNA into another bacteria

Transformation

a method of horizontal gene transfer in which after the process of lysis or death, a bacterium can take some of the DNA fragments left behind of the other dead bacteria

Flagellin

Protein that is found in helical filaments that make up the flagella

Gram positive

Type of bacteria that have 2 protein rings in the peptidoglycan wall and membrane that act as bearings for the shaft of the flagellum

Gram negative

Type of bacteria the have 4 basal protein rings for flagella; L in lipopolysaccharide layer, P in peptidoglycan layer, M ring in cell membrane, and S ring attached directly to the cytoplasm

Chemiosmosis (protons), sodium-pump

How are most bacterial flagella driven?

Monotrichous

Only one flagellum, on one pole of the cell; Vibrio cholera

Amphitrichous

A single flagellum on each pole of the cell; Alcaligenes faecalis

Cephalotrichous

More than one flagella on each pole of the cell, sometimes no distinction is made btw this and amphitrichous

Lophotrichous

More than one flagella on one pole of the cell: Helicobacter pylori

Peritrichous

Many flagella are distributed across the surface of the cell and are not necessarily localized to the poles of the cell; Escherichia Coli

Atrichous

Lacking flagella entirely; Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Atrichous

Monotrichous

Amphitrichous

Peritrichous

Lophotrichous

Cephalotrichous