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In a behavioral therapy context, how is extinction accomplished?
By normal reinforcement of a behavior
By a lack of reinforcement to a behavior
By excessive reinforcement of a behavior
By intermittent reinforcement of a behavior
By a lack of reinforcement to a behavior until it decreases or ceases.
What is subtractive empathy?
Empathy that reduces the impact of the situation
Empathy that does not adequately convey understanding
Empathy that diminishes the well-being of the client
Empathy that takes away some degree of discomfort
Empathy that does not adequately convey understanding
Which of the following would be most likely to suggest that individuals construct their own reality?
Kegan
Freud
Adler
Erickson
Kegan
Which of the following is the key idea behind work adjustment theory?
Occupational work is essentially a matter of the worker's choices
Occupational work is an economic mandate that is predetermined
Occupational work is mainly dictated by the terms set by the employer
Occupational work is a continuous interaction between an employer and an employee
Occupational work is a continuous interaction between an employer and an employee
What would taking a teleological approach with a client entail?
Creating awareness in the present moment
Aligning with a desired goal
Examining past history
Normalizing interpersonal relationships
Aligning with a desired goal
Which of the following is meant by conjoint family therapy?
The whole family attends therapy
More than one family member attends therapy
Two family members attend therapy in sequence
Two specific members of the family attend therapy
More than one family member attends therapy
What is meant by archetypes in psychology?
Common symbolic meanings across cultures
System of relationships in a client's life
Symptoms that are not part of a diagnosis
One's idea of one's mother and father
Common symbolic meanings across cultures
Which of the following best states John Krumboltz's idea about career development?
Occupational choice is a matter of special abilities alone
Occupational choice is a matter of reinforcement alone
Learning, not interest, guides occupational choice
Interest, not learning, guides occupational choice
Learning, not interest, guides occupational choice
What is meant by differentiation in a family system?
A clear sense of self and others
Establishing boundaries between family members
Creating therapeutic space for the family
Physical separation from the family
A clear sense of self and others
About how much of the client outcome is attributable to the nature of the therapeutic relationship?
50%
10%
20%
30%
30%
What is the point of a paradoxical directive?
To enhance rapport
To identify psychopathology
To illustrate irrational behavior
To confront ambiguity
To illustrate irrational behavior
What is a career anchor?
A factor that motivates one to choose a career
A developmental event that shapes career interest
A factor that makes one depart a career
A factor that causes one to leave the job market
A factor that motivates one to choose a career
What is cohesiveness in a group therapy context?
The effectiveness of the group leader
The organization of the group leader
The effectiveness of the group
Forces that keep the group together
Forces that keep the group together
How does the rational imagery technique work?
By imagining alternative scenarios
By addressing conflicted feelings directly
By reframing disturbing situations
By creating a different narrative
By reframing disturbing situations
Which of the following would be an example of object loss?
A father abandoning his family when the children are teenagers
A 7-year-old child misplacing their favorite toy
The elderly parents of grown children passing away suddenly
A mother abandoning her child at age 2
A mother abandoning her child at age 2
Is it permissible to use deception with human subjects in research?
Yes, under certain circumstances
Yes, in all circumstances
No, under no circumstances
Only when subjects sign a general waiver
Yes, under certain circumstances
If we say that a person is in a critical period of development, what do we mean?
That the person is going through formative events
That the person is experiencing a traumatic reaction
That the person has failed once to develop in an expected way
That the person is in a specific developmental process
That the person is in a specific developmental process
What is a life script according to transactional analysis?
A way of life unconsciously chosen during adolescence
The total of the client's dreams and aspirations
The total of what the client has been told about themselves by others
A way of life unconsciously chosen at an early age
A way of life unconsciously chosen at an early age
Which of the following would be the most appropriate intervention for someone in the preparation stage of change?
Talking through ambivalence
Talk through ideas about change
Evaluating change plans
Creating ambivalence
Talk through ideas about change
Which of the following would be the best choice for a primary prevention group?
A person with a mild problem
A person managing a condition
A person with a severe problem
A person without a problem
A person without a problem
What would be the most appropriate intervention for a client in a pre-contemplation stage of change?
Assessing sucesses
Dealing with ambivalence
Practical planning
Creating ambivalence
Creating ambivalence
What is the most effective use of confrontation in counseling?
To enhance therapeutic rapport
To hold the client responsible
To call the client's attention to something
To explain a difficult concept
To call the client's attention to something
What is meant by the term phenomenology?
One's beliefs about spiritual matters
One's philosophy of existence
One's experience of reality testing
One's internal experience of the world
One's internal experience of the world
IS PATH WARM is an assessment acronym dealing with what psychological phenomenon?
Eating disorders
Suicidality
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
Suicidality
Is family homeostasis good or bad?
Homeostasis is good in families but bad in individuals
Homeostasis is almost always bad
Homeostasis can be good, bad, or both
Homeostasis is almost always good
Homeostasis can be good, bad, or both
Which of the following accurately describes Super's developmental stage theory?
Career choice is made early in life
Self-concept is often not in sync with a developmental stage
Self-concept directly influences career choice
Career choice is made late in life
Self-concept directly influences career choice
Which of the following is true within the maturation hypothesis?
Behavior is equally learned and hereditary
Behavior is completely hereditary
Behavior is completely learned
Behavior is learned and hereditary in different proportions in individuals
Behavior is completely hereditary
What is the point of a secondary prevention group?
Preventing the onset of a condition
Discussing primary prevention strategies
Preventing a condition from worsening
Managing a chronic condition
Preventing a condition from worsening
Why would one use brief therapy with people in crisis?
To work through the crisis emotionally
To get support systems involved
To identify short-term goals
To manage pathology
To manage pathology
If a person is diagnosed with excoriation, what are they doing?
Thinking about death
Pulling their hair
Eating non-food items
Picking their skin
Picking their skin
Why were Freud's theories considered psychodynamic?
They suggest energy as the source of conflict
They suggest constant change within the psyche
They suggest movement and interplay in the mind
They suggest motivation is always changing in the mind
They suggest movement and interplay in the mind
When would reality therapy deal with childhood issues?
Rarely, if at all
In nearly every session
When the client sees the need
When the therapist identifies trauma
Rarely, if at all
Which of the following is the definition of genuineness?
Demonstrating what the client expects
Displaying an appropriate degree of empathy
Being absolutely truthful with the client
Appearing authentic to the client in affect
Appearing authentic to the client in affect
Adlerian counseling would most likely concentrate on what?
Impulse control and reflection
Feelings of belonging and perfection-striving
Examination of unconscious impulses
Exploration of past trauma
Feelings of belonging and perfection-striving
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Accomodation takes in new information by adapting it to the old, but assimilation forms a new schema
Accomodation takes place with regard to people, but assimilation involves events
The concepts are identical and interchangeable
Assimilation takes in new information by adapting it to the old, but accommodation forms a new schema
Assimilation takes in new information by adapting it to the old, but accommodation forms a new schema
What is meant by neurogenesis?
When new neurons are made in the brain
When neurons form new myelin sheaths
When new brain lobes are spontaneously generated
When neurons form new cell bodies
When new neurons are made in the brain
Why would one use an anxiety hierarchy?
As part of psychoanalysis
As part of group therapy
As part of systematic desensitization
As part of cognitive therapy
As part of systematic desensitization
How is silence best used in a therapeutic context?
To confront the client
To call attention to apparent falsehood
To clear areas of ambiguity
To give the client time
To give the client time
Is it acceptable to barter for services with clients?
Yes, in all circumstances
Not in most circumstances
Sometimes, as a matter of local jurisdiction
No, as the ACA Code of Ethics prohibits barter
Not in most circumstances
What is the best overall position on dual relationships?
They are encouraged in most cases
They are seen as neutral in most cases
They are absolutely prohibited
They are to be avoided when possible
They are to be avoided when possible
If we say that a given assessment is reliable, what are we claiming about that assessment?
That it is of good quality overall
That it is free of prejudice and bias
That it generally yields the same results
That it is consistent in measurement
That it is consistent in measurement
Most assertiveness training is drawn from which of the following schools?
Cognitive theory
Humanistic theory
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Why are Erikson's stages considered psychosocial?
They occur in conjunction with the social environment
They occur in reaction to the social environment
They occur as thoughts related to the social environment
They occur as constructs related to the social environment
They occur in conjunction with the social environment
In the development of ethnic and cultural awareness, when does introspection take place?
At random
After resistance and immersion
Before most cultural encounters
Upon prompting and discussion
After resistance and immersion
What is meant by the term contextualism?
The idea that behavior is never truly individual
The idea that all behavior arises from identifiable stimuli
The idea that behavior must be considered within culture
The idea that no behavior is truly random
The idea that behavior must be considered within culture
In the view of cognitive therapy, what are automatic thoughts?
Cognitions that follow an organized pattern
Psychotic intrusions associated with schizophrenia
Random, unconscious negative input from the self
Reflexive inner reactions to relational stimuli
Random, unconscious negative input from the self
What is the downward arrow technique meant to do?
Deal with client ambivalence about change
Address deep-seated trauma in the client's life
Encourage a mindful awareness of the situation
Help a client reach the core issue of their concern
Help a client reach the core issue of their concern
In terms of structural family therapy, why is joining important?
To preserve confidentiality among all family members
To keep the family unit together while therapy is underway
To allow the family to become comfortable with the therapist
To allow the therapist to engage deeply with the family system
To allow the therapist to engage deeply with the family system
What is meant by mimesis' in structural family therapy?
Taking on the family's patterns
Enforcing silence in family interactions
Taking on the role of a family member
Encouraging silent responses to conflict
Taking on the family's patterns
When we talk about construct validity, what do we mean by "construct"?
The bias of the test designer
An idea that cannot be measured
The way the test is constructed
A trait that cannot be directly measured
A trait that cannot be directly measured
Which of the following interventions is not based on classical conditioning?
Implosive therapy
Systematic desensitization
Narrative therapy
Flooding
Narrative therapy
In terms of behavioral intervention, what is an extinction burst?
An expression of grossly chaotic behavior
A sudden onset of undesirable behavior
A sudden onset of desirable behavior
A sudden compliance with behavioral direction
A sudden onset of undesirable behavior
What is triangulation in a family therapy context?
A way to address conflict
A way to ease conflict
A way to heighten sensitivity
A way to define conflict
A way to ease conflict
Which of the following is consistent with social exchange theory?
People swap relationships depending on their stage of life
People engage in a kind of economy regarding relationships
People seek out similar people to connect with
People look for flaws in potential mates
People engage in a kind of economy regarding relationships
How does milieu therapy work?
By removing harmful elements in the client's environment
By changing the whole environment of the client
By placing the client in a positive situation
By subjecting the client to a situational stress test
By changing the whole environment of the client
Which of the following would be appropriate for a person undergoing a severe but normal reaction to stress?
Crisis counseling
Consultation
Psychotherapy
Hospitalization
Crisis counseling
What does research suggest about having a counselor and client of the same gender and ethnicity?
That the therapeutic relationship resolves more quickly
That therapeutic outcomes are faster in realization
That the therapeutic relationship is better
That the therapeutic relationship is not necessarily better
That the therapeutic relationship is not necessarily better
What is meant by the notion of plasticity as it relates to counseling?
That human beings change in relation to others
That human beings resist change until it is necessary
That human beings change personalities regularly
That human beings can change anything throughout their lifespan
That human beings can change anything throughout their lifespan
In general, is individual treatment or group treatment more effective?
Individual counseling is more effective
Group counseling is more effective
Neither type of therapy is considered very effective
The two are approximately equal in effectiveness
The two are approximately equal in effectiveness
What is meant by cultural encapsulation?
Attempting to define a culture too concretely
Attempting to recruit others into one's culture
Adopting certain aspects of culture
Forcing one's own cultural goals on clients
Forcing one's own cultural goals on clients
How does a negative reinforcer work?
By removing a negative
By removing a positive
By adding a negative
By adding a positive
By removing a negative
Which of the following is false about the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
It consists of pictures in a sequence
It consists of inkblots
It asks the client to interpret vague phenomena
It is a projective test
It consists of inkblots
Is it permissible to solicit clients from one's regular job to one's private practice?
Only in circumstances that make it necessary
Yes, there is no restriction
Only when the client initiates the discussion
No, under no circumstances
No, under no circumstances
What does the concept of terminal decline suggest about cognition?
That a steep drop in cognitive ability takes place in the last year of life
That a steep drop in cognitive ability takes place in the last five years of life
That a steep drop in cognitive ability usually suggests the end of life
That a steep drop in cognitive ability takes place after the age of 80
That a steep drop in cognitive ability takes place in the last five years of life
What is "double-bind" communication?
A message that praises excessively
A message that criticizes excessively
A message that contradicts itself
A message that asks for two separate things
A message that contradicts itself
What is the difference between autoplastic and alloplastic styles of change?
Autoplastic styles deal with changes in the environment, and alloplastic styles deal with changes in self
Autoplastic styles deal with subtracting things to effect change, and alloplastic styles deal with adding things to effect change
Autoplastic styles deal with changes in self, and alloplastic styles deal with changes in the environment
Autoplastic styles deal with adding things to effect change, and alloplastic styles deal with subtracting things to effect change
Autoplastic styles deal with changes in self, and alloplastic styles deal with changes in the environment
Which of the following would be the most likely focus of a primary group?
A group that discusses addiction experiences
A group that warns of the dangers of illicit drugs
A group that brings in family members of addicted persons
A group that seeks to help those who are addicted
A group that warns of the dangers of illicit drugs
Which of the following is true about structured versus unstructured group exercises?
Structured exercises are more effective than unstructured exercises
The two types of modality yield largely the same results
Unstructured exercises are more effective than structured exercises
Their effectiveness is wholly dependent on group leader characteristics
Unstructured exercises are more effective than structured exercises
How is cognitive therapy different from rational emotive behavior therapy?
REBT does not address negative emotion
The scope of REBT is broader and differs philosophically
Cognitive therapy discourages exploration of negative emotion
The two modalities are virtually identical
The scope of REBT is broader and differs philosophically
Which of the following is incumbent upon a counselor who is using a new and undeveloped treatment modality?
Five years of established treatment evidence
Informed consent of the client
Approval of the local regulatory board
Published findings of the modality's use
Informed consent of the client
What is meant by the zone of proximal development?
That which can be achieved with and without support
That which can be achieved on one's own
That which can possibly be achieved under optimal conditions
That which can be achieved only with support
That which can be achieved with and without support
Mark Savickas' career construction theory is based on which of the following modalities?
Psychoanalysis
Shaping
Narrative therapy
Cognitive therapy
Narrative therapy
What did Carl Jung mean by individuation?
Becoming a complete human being
Personally authoring a life path
Moving away from the family of origin
Separating from others in later life
Becoming a complete human being
Which of the following best characterizes Piaget's formal operational stage?
Reality testing
Abstraction
Affective stability
Intuition
Abstraction
Which of the following is true of the "risky shift" phenomenon?
It is an individual process defined by peer feedback
It is a group process characterized by conservative action
It is a group process characterized by non-conservative action
It is an individual process defined by social comparison
It is a group process characterized by non-conservative action
In career counseling, what is an avocation?
Activity engaged in for enjoyment
Activity unrelated to work or enjoyment
Activity done for enjoyment at work
Activity considered one's life's work
Activity engaged in for enjoyment
Which statement is accurate concerning the idea of cognitive dissonance?
People will act to preserve vagueness in their stated belief system
People cannot hold contradictory ideas at the same time
People generally lose interest in cognitively challenging information
People don't like inconsistency between their beliefs and their behavior
People don't like inconsistency between their beliefs and their behavior
What is being defended against when one utilizes a defense mechanism?
Anxiety
Psychosis
Aggression
Depression
Anxiety
According to research, which of the following is true about counselor preference from clients?
Clients prefer counselors of the same race but are not concerned with culture
Clients are mostly indifferent to race but prefer counselors of similar culture
Clients prefer counselors of a different race but similar culture
Clients prefer counselors of the same race and similar culture
Clients prefer counselors of the same race and similar culture
Which of the following is the premise of Prochaska's transtheoretical model of change?
That change occurs in discrete, reversible steps
That change only goes in one direction
That change must come from an outside source
That change occurs either instantaneously or not at all
That change occurs in discrete, reversible steps
Which of the following should a counselor do if they are sure of their diagnosis but also sure that it will harm the client?
Consult with fellow practitioners to determine what to do
Do not make the diagnosis, as it would be harmful
Make a provisional diagnosis and explain it to the client
Make the diagnosis, as this is the only way the client can get help
Do not make the diagnosis, as it would be harmful
Which of the following best corresponds to the fundamental attribution error?
Attributing problems in others to external forces, attributing problems in self to internal forces
Attributing mental illness to external factors, attributing physical illness to internal factors
Attributing mental illness to internal factors, attributing physical illness to external factors
Attributing problems in self to external forces, attributing problems in others to internal forces
Attributing problems in self to external forces, attributing problems in others to internal forces
What do we mean by saying that a given modality is a didactic modality?
The modality is based on modeling
The modality is based on teaching
The modality is based on experiment
The modality is based on roleplaying
The modality is based on teaching
Which of the following defines stimulus discrimination?
Responding to more specific stimuli
Responding to less specific stimuli
A decision not to respond to stimuli
A decision to respond more to stimuli
Responding to more specific stimuli
Which of the following best defines low-context communication?
Communication that is explicit and more verbal
Communication that is implicit and less verbal
Communication that is explicit and less verbal
Communication that is implicit and more verbal
Communication that is explicit and more verbal
How might a miracle question be used?
To help a client recall past happiness
To help a client think beyond the problem
To confront a client about inconsistency
To create ambiguity for the client
To help a client think beyond the problem
According to Irvin Yalom, what is the most important qualification for membership in a therapeutic group?
Having an issue worth processing
Willingness to cohere
Low acuity
Ambivalence
Willingness to cohere
Note 
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