Cell Philology Term #! test

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing eukaryotic cell structures, organelles, subnuclear components, and metabolic pathways based on CPY573 Cell Physiology notes.

Organelle

Internal membrane-bound structures that partition a eukaryotic cell into distinct regions with specific functions, which cannot reproduce independently outside host cells.

Plasma Membrane

A selective phospholipid bilayer barrier found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that regulates the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

Nucleus

The most conspicuous eukaryotic organelle that serves as the cell's information storage center containing DNA, which disassembles and reassembles during division.

Nuclear Envelope

A double-membrane system composed of inner and outer lipid bilayers with associated proteins that defines the boundary of the nucleus.

Nuclear Pores

Channels perforating the nuclear envelope that function as selective gateways regulating molecular traffic between the nucleus and cytosol.

Nuclear Lamina

A fibrous protein network underlying the inner nuclear membrane that provides structural support to the nucleus.

Perinuclear Space

The compartment situated directly between the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope.

Nucleolus

A dense nuclear suborganelle responsible for synthesizing rRNA and assembling large and small ribosomal subunits.

Importins

Shuttling nuclear transport receptors that bind and deliver cytoplasmic proteins through nuclear pore complexes into the nucleus.

Chromatin

The complex of eukaryotic DNA and chromosomal proteins, containing roughly twice as much protein mass as DNA.

Histones

Small basic proteins ($11\text{--}23\,kDa$) rich in arginine and lysine that facilitate binding to negatively charged DNA.

Five Major Histone Types

The primary histone proteins found in eukaryotic chromatin: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Nucleosome

The basic structural unit of chromatin, composed of DNA wrapped around a core particle of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, sealed by histone H1.

Linker DNA

The segment of DNA connecting adjacent nucleosome core particles, where nonhistone chromosomal proteins bind.

Endomembrane System

An internal membrane network including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

Transport Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that transport cargo between non-continuous compartments of the endomembrane system.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An extensive network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae) enclosing a continuous internal space named the ER lumen.

Rough ER

The portion of the ER studded with membrane-bound ribosomes, dedicated to synthesizing secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and organellar proteins.

Smooth ER

The ribosome-free region of the ER involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, drug detoxification, and calcium ion storage.

Transitional ER

The specialized ER region where secretory transport vesicles bud off to carry proteins and lipids toward the ERGIC and Golgi apparatus.

ERGIC

The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, which receives transport vesicles budding from the transitional ER before cargo moves to the Golgi.

Protein Glycosylation

The covalent addition of sugar molecules, such as glucose and mannose, to polypeptide chains within the rough ER.

Ribosomes

Protein-synthesizing molecular complexes made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, structured into large and small subunits.

Free Ribosomes

Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol that synthesize proteins remaining in the cytosol or targeted to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle composed of stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids and synthesizes carbohydrates.

Cis Face (Golgi)

The entry face of the Golgi apparatus situated adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Trans Face (Golgi)

The exit face of the Golgi apparatus pointing toward the plasma membrane.

Trans Golgi Network

The final sorting compartment of the Golgi apparatus that directs transport vesicles to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or the cell exterior.

Lysosomes

Golgi-derived vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules, unneeded cellular components, and ingested particles.

Acid Hydrolases

A group of roughly $50$ lysosomal degradative enzymes (including nucleases, proteases, lipases, and glycosidases) active specifically at an acidic $pH \approx 5$.

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Genetic disorders caused by mutations in lysosomal acid hydrolase genes, resulting in undegraded substrate accumulation inside lysosomes.

Gaucher's Disease

The most common lysosomal storage disease, caused by a mutation in glucocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of glucocerebroside.

Primary Lysosomes

Roughly spherical lysosomal vesicles containing degradative enzymes that show no obvious particulate or membrane debris.

Secondary Lysosomes

Irregularly shaped lysosomal vesicles formed by the fusion of primary lysosomes with damaged organelles or ingested material undergoing active digestion.

Autophagy

The lysosomal degradation process in which damaged or aged organelles enclosed in a membrane vesicle are digested.

Contractile Vacuole

A specialized vacuole present in many protists that collects and pumps excess water out of the cell.

Central Vacuole

A large vacuole predominant in plant cells that functions in storage, waste management, and structural turgor support.

Peroxisomes

Single-membrane metabolic compartments that carry out fatty acid oxidation and generate hydrogen peroxide ($\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$), converting it to water via catalase.

Catalase

A peroxisomal enzyme that decomposes toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen ($2\,\text{H}_2\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\,\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{O}_2$).

Plasmalogens

The most abundant class of lipids in nervous tissue, synthesized within peroxisomes.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane-bound organelles where cellular respiration takes place, extracting energy from sugars and fats to generate ATP.

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane that expand surface area for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The fluid compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane containing citric acid cycle enzymes, circular mtDNA, and mitochondrial ribosomes.

Mitochondrial Fission

The division process, similar to bacterial binary fission, by which new mitochondria arise from preexisting mitochondria.

POLG Gene

The gene encoding mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, whose proofreading-deficient mutation causes mtDNA mutation accumulation and accelerates aging.

Chloroplasts

Double-membrane plant and algal organelles containing thylakoids and chlorophyll that capture light energy to synthesize sugars via photosynthesis.

Stroma

The fluid compartment inside the chloroplast envelope outside the thylakoids, where CO2 fixation (dark reactions) and chloroplast gene expression occur.

Most common idea of the modern cell theory ?

That all cells are derived from Such Pre.Exisisting cells. All cells are essentially the same chemical composition as existing cells. The metabolism and biochemistry of life occur within the cell.

Describing the Make up of the cells?

Can help with gaining and using energy. To grow and reproduce, structural and Molecular Organisms, and lastly to grow and reproduce.

Understanding viruses ?

They ate slated as just nucleic acids in a protein coat. Do not grow in size unable to create any metabolic waste and lastly unable to respond to stimuli.

What are the 4 macromolecules of life that helps with formation of the cells ?

Are deemed as Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates and lastly nuleic acids

Key highlight of The Miller-urey experiment ?

That many simple molecules combined to Form organic molecules. That being Urea, Amino acids, Latic acids and lastly acetic acid

Idea of being rich in organic material ?

Can be known as various Amino acids that being glycine, glutamic acid, and alanine. As well as the Purines & pyrimidines.

Describing a polymer ??

Described as a large molecule or macromolecules that posses the ability to be bounded together

Overview of the Protobionts-?

Deemed as Abiotically formed lipid Spheres known to possess a bilayer of phospholipids—Can Establish selective Permeable walls/ Entry to the cell

Origin of Mitochondria & chloroplast ?

Were most likely originally free living prokaryotes

Establishing energy organelles ?

Can be seen as operation through the symbiosis

Most common parts of prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells ?

Can be known to hold a DNA containing region molecules in eukaryotes & nucleoid region inregion in prokaryotes.

Why are multicellular Organisms eukaryotes??

can be deemed to have more efficient energy production and usage . Have minimal compatibilization allow for specification of function. The organelle have more efficient process to their function.

How does the Cell membrane Interact ?

Know to be through its fluidity, in tune with the types of Movement occurring and Objects that influence structyure.

Key similarities with the Cell membrane section ?

Know to be identified and appear in both Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Application of the cell membrane and How it operates ?

Know to prevent those contents from mixing and escaping together into the surrounding media. An example is nutrients passing inwards; waste is passing outwards.

Receiving information on the plasma membrane ?

contains diverse proteins that can send Senors to interact and correspond to changes in an environment.

Exploring Internal membranes ?

Can serve as a selective barrier between the cell cytosol and the interior of individual organelles. Can act as more than just a barrier; it has to do with each organelle having distinct characteristics

Common Circular Cell membrane components ?

Holds a phospholipid bi-layer that contains other lipids, Proteins and lastly carbohydrates.

Seeing fatty acids ?

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain of about 16-18 carbon atoms terminating in a carboxyl group at the end.

crucial components of Membrane Lipids?

Known to be most present with phospholipids that can link with 2 fatty acids if a polar head group. An example is Choline creating phosphatidylcholine

Briefly highlight the Biosynthesis of Glycerophospholipids ?

Seen with adding and Applying Glycerol for the Mian beginning of the Biosynthetic pathway. Can then has enzyme synthesis catalyzed reaction to the phosphate group. Fatty acids, and small polar Groups.

Highlighting sphingomyelin?

Has a bonding chain of a Non Glycerol Phospholipid linked from a Polar head connected to Serine. From serene bends/ attached to another small polar molecule Choline.

Biosyntheis of Spingosine?

Known as the backbone molecule for the Formations of Sphingolipids. Comes from two amino acids Serine and Palmitoyl COA

Difference between Glycolipids & glycoproteins ?

The lipids are carbohydrates covalently bonded to the lipids. The glycoproteins are carbohydrates covalently bonded to a protein, usually operating through the extracellular sugars of the plasma membrane.

Cerebrosides significance ?

Known to be important in Glycolipids and often contain a single sugar residue, usually being glucose or Galactose

Observing Cholesterol ?

Known to be A consist four-ring hydrocarbon , rather than linear hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. Deemed as amphipathic. With a Hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

Key factors that can Control fluidity levels of the cell membrane ?

Beginning with a Physical aspect Being the Length Of hydrocarbon tails. Level of saturation of tails with dealing with Hydrogen. And lastly presence of the stored cholesterol