Psych Chapter 12

What are the three criteria used to define abnormal behavior?

Deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressful.

How does culture and context influence abnormal behavior?

Behavior abnormal in one culture may be normal in another; norms and context affect interpretation.

What causes psychological disorders according to the biological/medical model?

Biological factors such as genes, brain chemistry, brain structure, and physiology.

What factors contribute to psychological disorders according to the psychological approach?

Thoughts, emotions, behaviors, learning, personality, and past experiences.

What does the sociocultural approach emphasize?

How culture, society, relationships, and environment influence disorders and their treatment.

What causes psychological disorders according to the biopsychosocial approach?

A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

What is the DSM-5?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; classifies and describes psychological disorders.

What are the main characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Difficulties with social communication/interactions and restricted or repetitive behaviors/interests.

What are the main characteristics of ADHD?

Persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning.

What are the main characteristics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive, difficult-to-control worry about many areas of life, with restlessness, tension, or sleep problems.

What are the main characteristics of Panic Disorder?

Repeated unexpected panic attacks and fear of having additional attacks.

What are the main characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder?

Intense fear of social situations or being judged/embarrassed by others.

What are the main characteristics of OCD?

Obsessions (unwanted recurring thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety).

What are the main characteristics of PTSD?

Intrusive memories/flashbacks, avoidance, negative mood/thought changes, and increased arousal after trauma.

What are the main characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder?

Persistent depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure with changes in sleep, appetite, energy, or concentration.

What are the main characteristics of Bipolar Disorder?

Episodes of mania/hypomania and depression with significant changes in mood and activity.

What are the main characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Severely restricted food intake, significantly low body weight, and intense fear of gaining weight.

What are the main characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa?

Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.

What are the main characteristics of Binge Eating Disorder?

Repeated episodes of unusually large eating with loss of control, without regular compensatory behaviors.

What are the main characteristics of Schizophrenia?

Disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

What is suicide and what factors contribute to it?

Intentionally ending one's life. Risk involves mental health problems, trauma, hopelessness, and social isolation.

What are examples of stigma related to psychological disorders?

Stereotyping, discrimination, labeling people as 'crazy,' or believing mental illness is a personal weakness.

What are some consequences of stigma?

Social isolation, discrimination, shame, reduced self-esteem, and avoiding treatment.

How can stigma be reduced or eliminated?

Through education, accurate information, respectful language, increased contact, and treatment access.