Adult Health Exam II

hyponatremia

causes confusion, lethargy, and seizures

hypernatremia

causes thirst, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, restlessness

CO x SVR

BP=

hypokalemia

Shallow respirations, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility (ileus).

hyperkalemia

Tall peaked T-waves, widened QRS, and life-threatening arrhythmias

calcium

controllyed by the parathyroid hormone

hypocalcemia

Tetany, muscle cramps, numbness/tingling around the mouth or extremities.

hypercalcemia

elevated calcium levels in the blood, which can cause a range of symptoms including weakness, fatigue, and kidney stones.

1.3-2.1

magnesium range

magnesium

An essential mineral that plays a critical role in various bodily functions, including nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone health, with a normal range of 1.3-2.1 mg/dL.

3.0-4.5

phosphate range

9.0-10.5

calcium range

3.5-5.0

potassium range

primary hypertension

95% of cases; no single cause (combo of genetics and lifestyle).

secondary hypertension

5% of cases; caused by an underlying condition (e.g., renal disease) or meds (e.g., estrogen contraceptives). Treatment targets the cause.

25%

Reduce Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) by no more than ____within the first hour to prevent ischemic stroke.

left sided HF

Fluid backs up into the pulmonary system. Symptoms: Dyspnea, crackles, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), and orthopnea (needing pillows to sleep).

right sided hf

Backs up into systemic veins. Symptoms: Jugular Vein Distension (JVD), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and peripheral edema. Most common cause is left-sided HF.

systolic hf

A pumping problem; weak, floppy muscle with EF<40%.

diastolic hf

A filling problem; stiff muscle with preserved EF (55–65%).

BNP

high levels confirm shortness of breath is due to HF rather than respiratory issues.

PAD

Delivery failure. Hallmark: Intermittent Claudication (pain with exercise, rest relieves it). Signs: Thin/shiny skin, hair loss, elevation pallor, and dependent rubor (dusky red when hanging).

ABI

Normal is 1.0–1.3; ≤0.4 is critical ischemia.

CVI

Return failure. Signs: Brawny/brown skin (hemosiderin staining), persistent edema, and weepy ulcers near the inner ankle (medial malleolus).

bypass post op

check pulses q15m, avoid knee flexion

PAD

compression is strictly contraindicated in severe

3lbs in 2 days or 5lbs in a week

weight gain red flag

fatty streak - fibrous plaque - complicated lesion

progression of atherosclerosis

stable angina

Predictable; triggered by exertion; relieved by rest or Nitroglycerin.

unstable angina

Medical Emergency; unpredictable; occurs at rest; lasts >10 minutes; refractory to Nitroglycerin

cath precare

Screen for contrast dye (iodine) allergies; establish neurovascular baselines; check creatinine; NPO 6–12 hours.

cath post care

Check site for hematoma (firm mass) and pulses every 15 minutes for the first hour.

aspirina and clopidogrel

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

afib

what is important to monitor for after a cabg

0.12-0.20 sec

pr length

0.04-0.12

qrs length

0.4

one small box is ____ seconds

125 ml/hr

normal GFR

creatinine

The gold standard blood test for actual kidney function.

erythropoietin

Hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production (CKD leads to anemia).

cystitis

lower uti, Dysuria, urgency, frequency.

pyelonephritis

upper uti, Fever, chills, and flank pain.

uncomplicated uti

occurs in healthy, non-pregnant women.

complicated uti

occurs inMales, pregnant women, diabetics, or those with obstructions/catheters.

nitrites and leukocytes

lab indications of uti

Phenazopyridine

is a urinary analgesic that relieves pain, burning, and discomfort from urinary tract infections. It is often used alongside antibiotics.

turns urine bright orange/red

hydronephrosis

Dilation/ballooning of the renal pelvis due to urine backflow from obstruction.

calcium oxalate stone

most common type of kidney stone, Prevent by reducing sodium and limiting spinach, chocolate, nuts, and tea.

renal colic

a 10/10 severe pain caused by kidney stones that occurs when the stone moves through the urinary tract, leading to spasms.

***strain all urine

lithotripsy

Uses shock waves to shatter stones. Post-op: Hematuria is expected (bright red to smoky); nursing priority is aggressive hydration (3–4L) to flush fragments.

prerenal aki

Caused by decreased blood flow (e.g., Hypovolemia, Heart Failure).

intrarenal aki

Direct tissue damage (e.g., Nephrotoxic drugs, Contrast dye).

postrenal aki

Obstruction after the kidney (e.g., BPH, stones).

oliguric

Characterized by a decrease in urine output, typically less than 400 mL per day, often seen in acute kidney injury. monitor for hyperkalemia

IV calcium gluconate

A medication used to treat hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia, it works by stabilizing cardiac membranes.

IV insulin and glucose

used to manage hyperkalemia by driving potassium back into cells and lowering serum potassium levels.

kayexalate

removes potassium via stool

finasteride

for BPH, shrinks prostate, takes 6 months, pregnant women must not handle

omeprazole

do not take clopidigrel with