Introduction

Week 3: Monday, September 8th

the number off chromosome sets an organism has is _______

ploidy

true or false: polyploidy is common among plants

True

one set of chromsomes in a cell/organism (n) is called _______

haploid

two sets of chromosomes in a cell/organism (2n) is called _______

diploid

one chromosome from each parent and a copy of each, all of which have the samee genes by may have different alleles, is called _______

homologous chromosomes

true or false: homolgous chromosmes are only present tin sexually reproducing animals

true

The study of haploid genome is called _______

Genomics

Haploid genome is mostly in the _______, but some is _______

nucleus, extranuclear

True or false: in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast have additional genomes

False. in eukaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplast have additional genomes

True or false: in bacteria, plasmids carry extra DNA exclusive of the nucleoid

true

DNA is in a coiled state in the cell, referred to as _______

chromatin

DNA wrapped around histones is referred to as _______

Chromatin

True or false: histones are structural eukaryotic proteins

True

True or false: condensing helps with DNA coiling

true

The compressed area of DNA holding sister chromatids together that separates the p-arm from q-arm refer to as the _______

centromere

true or false: cell division can occur even if DNA is replicated at the centromere

false: cells must replicate DNA at centromere before division

The protein clumps were spindle fibers attached for cell division are referred to as _______

kinetochores

The ends of chromosomes kept with compressed triple-stranded DNA (p-ter & p-ter) are referred to as _______

telomeres

DNA structure is double stranded—strands are held by complementary binding of _______ and _______, which have 2 hydrogen bonds, and _______ and _______ we have 3 hydrogen bonds

Adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine

True or false: purines are adenine and thymine

False. Are adenine and guanine

True or false: prymidines are cytosine and thymine

true

DNA structure is antiparallel—five-carbon sugar has five attachment points: 5"‘ ( PO^₄- group, which is _______) and 3’ (-OH group, which is _______)

upstream, downstream

In 1869, _______ discovered DNA and named nuclein

Miescher

In 1910, _______ knew the DNA chemicals A/T/C/G

Levene

in 1950, _______ was developed, and showed that adenine = thymine, and cytosine = guanine

Chargaff’s Rule

True or false: DNA is 60% pruines and 40% pyrimidines

false. DNA is 50% purines and 50% pyrimidines

True or false: Chargaff also discovered that the quantities of nucleotides differ between or organisms

true

in 1953, _______ were shown the work of Frankel, and found the DNA structure but gave her zero credit

Watson & Crick

True or false: RNA → DNA because of RNA viruses and telomeres, and they’re nucleotide-derived, but Protein ↛ RNA because their precursors are different

true

The process of _______ occurs in nucleus/nucleoid, where a single strand of DNA transcribed (copied) into single strand of mRNA (transcript)

Transcription

The process of _______ occurs in the cytoplasm, where mRNA binds to a ribsome and is translated into a protein using amino acids delivered by tRNA

Translation

genetic code is made up of triplet nucleotides, _______, in mRNA that encodes for amino acids hooked together by the ribosome

condons

there are 20 common amino acids, but 64 codon possibilities (4³), which created _______ in the codons, or _______, which lessens the chance a mutation is harmful

redundancy, degeneracy

_______ are the coding regions of genes (codons), which make up < 2% of a human’s genome

exons

_______ are any change in ≤ 1 DNA bases

variations (alleles)

True or false: the genotype is biallelic (one set from each parent)

true

true or false: a phenotype can result from only one gene

false. a phenotype can result from one or multiple genes

true or false: separate, non-coding regions of DNA that make up 35% of the human genome are pseudogenes

false. separate, non-coding regions of DNA that make up 35% of the human genome are introns

introns are involved in the mix-matching of exons once introns are cut, a process known as _______

alternative splicing

introns are involved in coding for small pieces of rna that mess up mRNA so it can’t be translated, a substance known as _______

RNA interference (RNAi)

true or false: the promoter is a motif that occurs downstream of START (where RNA polymerase binds to promote transcription [TATA])

false. the promoter is a motif that occurs upstream of START (where RNA polymerase binds to promote transcription [TATA])

the process that produces a mutation is called _______

mutagenesis

true or false: during a point mutation, a two bases are changed, and theres a 1/3 chance its unharmful

false. During a point mutation, a single base is changed, and there’s a 1/3 chance its unharmful

a point mutation is also _______ if multiple codons code for the same amino acid (degeneracy)

silent

during a _______ mutation, a new amino acid is coded for

missense

during a _______ mutation, everything is affected downstream, which is sually caused by insertion/deletion (indels) events

frameshift

true or false: a frameshift mutation is harmful because it results in a new amino acid coding frame

true

true or false: lab model organisms should mature slowly

false. lab model organisms should mature rapidly

true or false: lab model organisms should be available cheap

true

true or false: lab model organisms should be easily manipulated

true

true or false: lab model organisms should have a long life span

false. lab model organisms should have a short life span

true or false: lab model organisms should produce many offspring

true

true or false: lab model organisms should have a readily available genome sequence

true

true or false: lab model organisms should be easy to keep in a lab regardless of their size

false: lab model organisms should be easy to keep in a lab since small

true or false: lab model organisms should be pathogen or non-pathogenic

false. lab model organisms should be non pathogenic

true or false: lab model organisms should have a different physiology/biology to humans

false. lab model organisms should have a similar physiology/biology to humans

true or false: lab model organisms should have synteny with human chromosomes

true