Chapter 4 - Responding to Classical Liberalism

classical conservationism supports…

preserving traditional social order

command economy

government controls production and prices

communism

all property is owned by the community equally

feminism

advocacy of women's rights ont he basis of the equality of the sexes

human rights:

fundamental moral principles and alienable rights inherent to every person simply by being human, regardless of race, sex, nationality, religion, or any other status

labor standards

define minimum legal requirements and conditions for workers regarding hours, safety benefits, and prohibition of forced/child labor

labor unions

organized association of workers, often in trade/profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests

marximism

political and economic theories of karl marx and friedrich engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism

mixed economy

economic system combining private and public enterprise

progressivism

support for/advocacy of social reform

socialism:

advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned/regulated by the community as a whole

universal suffrage

everyone has the right to vote

welfare capitalism

companies provide benefits to workers

why did ideologies develop in opposition to classical liberalism? 3

• lassaiz faire capitalism was primarily concerned with industrial efficiency and accumulation of wealth

• considered more important than equalities and workers were viewed as tools to make others rich (which caused them to protest)

• not all people saw the industrial revolution and classical liberalism as positive developments

did all of the protests against the effects of classical liberalism develop into complete ideologies?

NO

luddites: 2

• textile workers who were replaced by machines during the industrialization broke into factories and broke machinery (hate tech)

• movement is known as luddism

chartists/chartism: 2

• working class movement in britain that focused on political and social reform

• created peoples charter of 1838

peoples charter of 1838 goals/demands: 6

• universal suffrage for all men over 21

• equal sized electoral districts (fairness)

• voting by secret ballot to prevent influenced/repurcussions

• end to the need for property qualifications for parliament

• pay for members of parliament (so they don't worry about basic needs and can focus on their jobs)

• annual elections to increase accountability

what did the chartists do and when were their demands implemented? 3

• counter inequality created by the industrial revolution and classical liberalism through the electoral process

• actions led to violence

• demands implemented in the reform acts of 1867 and 1884

what does socialism believe?

resources should be owned by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors

what is socialism characterized by and what does it reject? 2

• cooperation and a high degree of state involvement

• rejects lack of equality and humanitarianism in classical liberalism

who were utopians?

they were humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries at the time

who was robert owen?

he was a utopian socialist and belived the harshness of life under capitalism corrupted human nature (locke and rousseau)

what did owen believe about education and improving living conditions?

they could peacefully eradicate the worst aspects of capitalism

new lanark: 2

• a model community developed by owen with ideal working and living conditions

• it became the largest, most profitable cotton spinning business in britain

what is marxism?

it's a radical form of socialism often called scientific socialism/communism

marxism: 3

• only way to overthrow capitalism was a class struggle, a worker's revolution between proletriat's and the bourgeoisie

• favours abolition of private property and centralization of the means of production in the hands of state

• command economy

what is a command economy?

economic system based on public (state) ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed (centrally planned economy)

classical conservatism: 3

• another reaction to classical liberalism

• reactionary/conservative/right: ideology that supports a return to previous state of affairs

• reacted to industrialization by breaking machines/classical liberalism

karl marx 10 points of capitalism:

• abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes

• heavy progressive/graduated income tax

• abolition of all right of inheritance

• confiscation of property of all emigrants/rebels

• centralization of credit in the hands of the state by means of a national bank with state capital and exclusive monopoly

• centralization of means of communication and transport in hands of state

• extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state and bringing into cultivation of wasteland/soil

• equal obligation to all who work--establishment of industrial armies (especially agriculture)

• combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries--abolition of town/city divide by equal population distribution

• free education, abolishment of factory labor, combination of education with industrial production

Who was edmund Burke?

A reactionary, and reacted to the political issues and ideas of the day

What did edmund birk believe? 4

• Society should be a hierarchy with those best suited to lead at the top because not everyone has equal abilities. Uninformed people should not have a say in government

• Government should be chosen by a select few with special rights and responsibilities

• Leaders should be humanitarian—care for others

• Society must be stable and that can only be achieved through law, order, customs, and traditions (past must be taken into account)

What did classical liberals gradually come to see and what did laissez fair capitaliem need to consider: 2

• Came to see the merits of their opponents views and modified some of the beliefs and values

• Needed to consider workers rights and develop a social conscience

Welfare capitalism: 2

• Factory owners who wanted to avoid the growing demand for labor unions gace workers special benefits

• Refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for the workers

Theo roosevelts square deal

Capital and labor (profits and workers rights) to be treated equally

What did Theo Roosevelt go on to find?

A new political party (national progressive party) who’s platform contained progressivism

Goals of progressivism: 3

• Securing suffrage for men and women alike

• Conservation of human resources (workers rights, prohibit child labour, etc)

• Implement a single national health service

What did early progressive legislation deal with and what did it fail to address? 2

• Dealt with workers rights

• Failed to address issues such as child poverty, education, housing standards, etc

The movement from welfare capitalism to a welfare state was spurred by what?

The great depression

Welfare state:

A state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability

Great depression became….

…a catalyst for change and modern liberalism began to emerge from it

Focuses of modern vs classical liberalisn: 2

• Modern: economic equality and equality of opportunity (no elitism)

• Classical: greater individual and economic freedom

Economic views of modern liberalism (welfare state) vs classical liberalism: 2

• Modern: government should balance out the highs and lows of the economic cycle by raising/lowering taxes, government spending, and interest rates, keyless (mixed economy) supported this

• Classical: government should not interfere in the economy, if everyone knows that good times are followed by bad times, it is everyone’s responsibility to save for the bad times

John nmaynard keynes

British economist (father of mixed economy) who believed that classical liberalism (lassaiz Faire) would not work

What did John Maynard keynes feel and when was he proved right? 2

• Felt that economic downturns would not recover under a classical liberal system

• Proved right during tbe great depression (and to some ectent) the 2008 worldwide economic recession

keynesian economics in bad times vs good times: 2

• bad times: government should spend money and reduce taxes in a recession to reduce its severity and keep money in people's pockets

• good times: government should spend less money in boom times and raise taxes

who was franklin D roosevelt? 3

• first major world leader to convert to keyne's theories

• implemented massive public works programs to put people to work to counter the unemployment of the great depression

• new deal

what did New Deal represent?

the beginning of a shift to welfare state and mix economy (capitalism with government intervention)

labour standards and unions: 3

• welcomed by workers but set up by the givernnent and capitalist workers had no say in their development

• in the 19th century, some workers formed unions so they could bargain collectively and go on strike if needed

• benefits and rights for workers slowly developed

feminism

belief that men and women are to be treated equally in every aspect

did classical liberalism allow feminism to emerge?

yes but very few classical liberal thinkers were willing to give women rights

in classical liberalism, who was included in suffrage and stuff? 2

• MEN

• certain races, classes religious members while others were excecuted

what about women and universal suffrage during classical liberalism?

no permitted to vote until later (some even don't have the right to vote today)