Bio 100 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from Bio 100 lecture review notes covering anatomical terms, tissues, cellular transport, glands, blood components, and organ system functions.

Red Bone Marrow

Tissue in adults that produces blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Sagittal plane

Anatomical plane that separates tissue or the body into left and right sections.

Transverse plane

Anatomical plane that separates the body into superior and inferior portions.

Frontal plane

Anatomical plane that separates tissue or the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Supine

Lying down face up in the anatomical position.

Prone

Lying down face down in the anatomical position.

Plasma membrane

Cellular structure that provides physical isolation, protection, structural support, sensitivity, and selective permeability.

Diffusion

Passive cell transport moving molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without using ATP.

Osmosis

Passive diffusion of $H_2O$ where water moves from low concentration to high concentration.

Active Transport

Cellular transport that requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against a concentration gradient.

Pinocytosis

Form of endocytosis known as cell drinking where vesicles bring extracellular fluid and small molecules into the cell.

Phagocytosis

Form of endocytosis known as cell eating where vesicles bring solid particles such as bacteria, viruses, and cell debris into the cell.

Exocytosis

Process by which fluids or solids are released out of the cell.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue found in the respiratory system, specifically in the trachea.

Microvilli

Cellular projections that increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, short, nonstriated muscle tissue with a single nucleus found in walls of blood vessels and visceral organs.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, long, striated muscle tissue with multiple nuclei that is covered by epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, short, branched, striated muscle tissue with intercalated discs and a single nucleus found in the heart.

Periosteum

Outer tissue layer surrounding bone consisting of fibrous and osteogenic layers that functions in protection and bone growth and repair.

Satellite Cells

PNS glial cells that surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia and regulate $O_2$, $CO_2$, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels.

Schwann Cells

PNS glial cells that surround all axons in the PNS, responsible for myelination and injury repair.

Astrocytes

CNS glial cells that maintain the blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ions and gases, and form scar tissue.

Microglia Cells

CNS glial cells that remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens through phagocytosis.

Ependymal Cells

CNS glial cells lining brain ventricles and the spinal cord central canal that assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.

Oligodendrocytes

CNS glial cells that myelinate CNS axons and provide a structural framework.

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein produced in the liver that serves as an essential precursor to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting.

Normal Blood pH

Physiological pH range of human blood, which is between $7.35 - 7.45$.

Type AB Blood

Blood type containing Antigen A and B, with plasma containing no anti-A or anti-B antibodies, known as the universal acceptor.

Type O Blood

Blood type lacking antigens A and B, with plasma containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, known as the universal blood donor.

Merocrine Gland

Exocrine sweat gland (eccrine) that uses exocytosis for secretion and aids in thermoregulation.

Apocrine Gland

Exocrine sweat gland where secretion occurs via shedding of the apical portion of the cell.

Holocrine Gland

Exocrine gland where secretion occurs by the cell bursting and dying.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles that produce 95\text{\textpercent} of the ATP required by the cell.