BSC1020 Final Exam

Functions of the Endocrine System

1. Growth

2. Controls mood

3. Reproduction

4. Metabolism

Endocrine

Is tissue that releases hormones

Exocrine

Is a gland that makes fluids (ex: sweat)

Hormones

A chemical substance that acts like a messenger

What do you need in order to release hormones?

Humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli

Hyposecretion

When the amount of hormones in the body is too high

What does hypo/hypersecretion cause?

It can cause disorders

Hypothalamus’ role in the Endocrine System

It stimulates/inhibits pituitary secretions

What chemical does the hypothalamus release?

Oxytocin and ADH

Pituitary Gland role in the Endocrine System

It’s the main gland for hormone secretion

What chemicals does the Pituitary Gland release?

Prolactin, oxytocin, ADH, and growth hormones

Pineal Gland role in the Endocrine System

It releases hormones based on the night/day cycle

What hormones does the Pineal Gland release?

Melatonin

Thyroid Glands role in the Endocrine System

Secretes hormone that help with the bodies metabolism and growth

What chemicals does the Thyroid Gland release?

Thyroxine, calcitonin, and triiodothyronine

Parathyroid Glands role in the Endocrine System

Regulation of calcium and the building of bones

What chemicals does the Parathyroid Gland release?

Parathyroid

Pancreas role in the Endocrine System

Helps with digestion

What chemicals does the Pancreas release?

Insulin and glucagon

Kidneys role in the Endocrine System

Regulates fluid/electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and produces vitamin D

What chemicals do the Kidneys release?

Calcitriol, EPO, and renin

Adrenal Glands role in the Endocrine System

Helps regulates the immune system, metabolism, blood pressure, and deals with stress responses

What chemicals does the Adrenal Gland release?

Cortisol, estrogen, aldosterone, and androgens

Thymus Glands role in the Endocrine System

Trains white blood cells

What chemicals does the Thymus Gland release?

Thymosin and thymulin

Ovaries role in the Endocrine System

Helps develop female sex characteristics

What chemicals do the Ovaries release?

Estrogen and Progesterone

Testies role in the Endocrine System

They produce sperm

What chemicals do the Testies release?

testosterone

Placenta role in the Endocrine System

Provides nutrients, and blood supply to a developing fetus

What chemicals does the Placenta release?

Estrogen, Progesterone, and HCG

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

1. Reproduce testosterone to maintain reproductive function

2. Promote spermatogenesis

Scrotum

Holds testes outside the body so the appropriate temperature can be maintained for sperm production & incubation; cremaster muscle can contract or relax to change how closely testes are hold to the body

Prepuce/Foreskin

Lubricates & protects glans penis; removed during circumcision

Corpora Cavernosa

Forms most of the penis and the blood cells help form an erection

Corpora Spongiosum

Also helps form and erection and keeps the urethra open during the erection

Testes

Sperm production & testosterone production & secretion

Seminiferous Tubules

Specific site of sperm production

Epididymis

Transports sperm from the rete testis to the as deferens

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Moves sperm away from where its stored

Ejaculatory Duct

Carry sperm & semen from ductus deferens to prostatic urethra

Seminal Vesicles

Secrete fluid to nourish & protect sperm; alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins

Prostate Gland

Secretes fluids to protect & activate sperm; citric acid, enzymes, & seminal plasmin (antibiotic)

Urethra

Secretes fluids to protect & activate sperm; citric acid, enzymes, & seminal plasmin (antibiotic)

Bulbourethral Glands

Secrete mucous/Fluid to clear urethra & lubricate glans penis

Glans Penis

Exit point for urethral orifice & site of sexual stimulation

What is the order in which sperm moves throughout the male reproductive system?

1. Seminiferous Tubules

2. Epididymis

3. Ductus (Vas) Deferens

4. Ejaculatory Duct

5. Prostatic Urethra

6. Spongy (Penile) Urethra

7. Urethral Orifice

Ischiocavernosus & Bulbospongiosus Muscles

The IC produces suprasystolic pressure while the BS is involved with expelling semen

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

1. Produces eggs

2. Secretes sex hormones (estrogen)

3. Is a site for fertilization

4. nurturing a fetus

Ovaries

Produces eggs and makes estrogen/progestogen

Fallopian Tubes

Are used for transportation and fertilization

Fimbriae

Collect & bring egg into fallopian tubes after ovulation from ovaries

Uterus

Used for nurturing a fertilized ovum

Cervix

Connection between uterus and vagina

Vagina

Provides a passageway for blood and tissue to leave the body during menstruation 

Breast

Milk production & delivery for fetus during development

Lobules & Alveoli

Produce milk

Lactiferous Ducts

Collects milk and carries it to the nipple

Nipples

Provides an exit for breastfeeding

Structures of Pregnancy

Support fetus during development; temporary structures

Placenta

Provides oxygen & nutrients to developing fetus

Umbilical Cord

Delivers oxygen & nutrients to developing fetus

Amniotic Sac & Fluid

Provides cushioning & protection to developing fetus, as well as some nutrients, hormones, & anitbodies

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulate follicle growth & maturation & help regulate ovarian cycle

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Stimulate ovulation (secreted by anterior pituitary) & help regulate ovarian cycle

Estrogen

Supports endometrial growth & maintenance; help regulate menstrual cycle; promote female sex characteristics & sexual desires

Progesterone

Supports endometrial growth & maintenance; help regulate menstrual cycle

Prolactin

Milk production during breastfeeding stages

Oxytocin

Milk let-down & mother baby bonding

HCG

Pregnancy: if the hormone HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is detected in urine, this indicates a female is pregnant

Order in which the egg travels throughout the female reproductive system?

The uterus walls thicken as they prepare for fertilization. A follicle in the ovary ejects an egg and fluid into the abnormal cavity. Then the egg travels through the fallopian tube and ends up in the uterus. If the egg is fertilized then it stays in the uterus; if not then it’s reabsorbed back into the body and since an egg isn't fertilized there's no need for the thickened walls and therefore shed (menstruation).