Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body (Unit 1)

Flashcards covering key concepts from Unit 1: Organization of the Human Body (Ch1)

What does anatomy study?

The structure of the body.

What does the suffix -tomy mean?

To cut apart, or dissect.

What does physiology study?

How the body’s structures function to perform a task.

What does the suffix -ology mean?

Study of.

What is pathology?

Results from forces that interfere with normal structure and function, causing disease.

What do Path/o and Dis- mean?

Path/o means disease; Dis- means apart or away from.

What is the correct order of the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Chemicals, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Whole organism.

Name the three body systems that provide protection, support, and movement.

Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular.

Which two systems coordinate and control?

Nervous and Endocrine.

Which systems are responsible for circulation?

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic.

Which systems handle nutrition and fluid balance?

Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary.

Which system is responsible for reproduction?

Reproductive.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a constant internal environment within physiological limits.

What does the suffix -stasis mean?

Staying.

Give examples of homeostasis.

Body temperature, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure.

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Fluid outside the cell that carries nutrients to and away from cells (e.g., blood, lymph).

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Fluid inside the cell that maintains the cell’s organelles.

Why is balance of ECF and ICF important?

To keep the cells from collapsing or bursting.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that reverses an upward or downward shift to maintain a set point.

In a negative feedback loop, what are the typical components?

Sensor, control center (comparator), and effector.

What is positive feedback?

A process that promotes more of the same action; a self-perpetuating loop.

Give an example of positive feedback.

Labor during childbirth: oxytocin increases contractions.

What is metabolism?

Chemical reactions in the body that produce or use energy.

What is catabolism?

Breaking down complex substances to simple ones; releases energy (ATP).

What is anabolism?

Building up from simple compounds to grow, repair, and function; uses ATP.

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate; the cell’s energy currency.

How is ATP produced?

Through catabolic reactions using nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

What is the anatomic position?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward, feet parallel.

What does superior mean?

Above or higher position.

What does inferior mean?

Below or lower position.

What does ventral (anterior) mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does dorsal (posterior) mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does cranial (cephalic) mean?

Toward the head; sometimes used instead of superior.

What does caudal mean?

Toward the tail (sacrum); sometimes used instead of inferior.

What does medial mean?

Toward the middle of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Toward the side of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Nearer the origin of the structure.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the origin.

The nose is anterior to the ears.

Anterior.

The nose is ventral to the ears.

Ventral.

Your right shoulder is to your sternum.

Lateral.

Your ribs are to your ilia.

Superior (cranial/cephalic).

Your spine is _ to your heart.

Posterior (dorsal).

Your ankle is _ to your toes.

Proximal.

Your ankle is _ to your knee.

Distal.

Planes of division: what are the three planes?

Coronal (frontal), Sagittal, and Transverse (axial).

What does sagittal plane do?

Divides the body into right and left; midsagittal divides into equal halves.

What does frontal (coronal) plane do?

Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

What does transverse (axial) plane do?

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

What are the three tissue section orientations?

Cross section, Longitudinal section, Oblique section.

Cross-section is defined as?

A cut perpendicular to the long axis.

Longitudinal section is defined as?

A cut parallel to the long axis.

Oblique section is defined as?

A cut at an angle.

What are the dorsal body cavities?

Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity.

What are the ventral body cavities?

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity (separated by the diaphragm; mediastinum is between the lungs).

What divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The diaphragm.

What is the mediastinum?

Space between the lungs.

What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver) and Pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs).

What are the central regions of the abdomen?

Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric.

What are the left and right lateral regions of the abdomen?

Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac.

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

What term describes a location farther from an origin, such as the wrist from the elbow?

Distal.

Name the two main body cavities.

Dorsal and Ventral.

Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.

Central: Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric; Lateral: Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac.