NURS 321: Lecture 5 - Becoming a Leader and BT, CBT, and CT

What is leadership?

Whenever one person in a group influences other members to help the group reach its goals.

What are the traits of leaders?

Willing to question themselves, sincere and authentic, believes in the group process, and have a sense of identity, presence, awareness, courage, enthusiasm, and creativity.

What is the trait approach to leadership?

Believes that leaders have inherent personal characteristics.

What is the position approach to leadership?

Believes that leadership is defined by the authority of a particular position.

What are the 3 types of leaders according to the leadership-style approach?

Authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire.

What are authoritarian leaders?

Leaders who dictate the activities of members and have absolute power over decisions, goals, and plans.

What are democratic leaders?

Leaders who seek maximum involvement from group members.

What are Laissez-Faire Leaders?

Leaders who participate minimally with little input.

What is the distributed-functions approach to leadership?

Believes that every group member is a leader at times and that everyone can be taught to become an effective leader.

Why are task role leaders created?

Because they have the best ideas and do the most to guide discussion.

Why are maintenance role leaders created?

Because of conflict.

What is the leadership style of a task role leader?

They play aggressively and work the group towards specific goals.

What is the leadership style of a maintenance role leader?

They work towards resolving tension, promoting group harmony and strengthening bonds within the group.

What are the different leadership roles?

Executive, policy maker, planner, expert, external group representative, and scapegoat.

What is the role of an executive?

Coordinates group activities.

What is the role of a policymaker?

Establishes group policies.

What is the role of an expert?

Ready source of information.

What is the role of an external group representative?

Official spokesperson of the group.

What is the role of a scapegoat?

The target of frustration.

What decade did Behaviour Therapy arise?

The 1950s

What does Behaviour Therapy primarily focus on?

Directly observable behavior

What are the 4 areas of development according to behaviour therapy?

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social-cognitive theory, and cognitive-behaviour therapy.

What is classical (respondent) conditioning?

Learning through association.

What is operant conditioning?

Learning that involves behaviours influenced by consequences.

What is self-efficacy in Social Cognitive Theory?

It refers to an individual's ability to master a situation and bring about change.

What are the 7 key characteristics of behaviour therapy?

- Rooted in science

- Behaviour can be operationally defined

- Deals with current problems

- Clients must be active and engaged

- Change can occur without examining underlying issues

- Assessment is ongoing through treatment

- Interventions are tailored to each individual

What is the ultimate goal of Behaviour Therapy?

To increase personal choice and create new conditions for learning.

What does the ABC model in behaviour analysis stand for?

Antecedents, Behaviour, Consequences

Warmth, empathy, authenticity, and acceptance are all you need to create change. (True/False)

False

What are the operant conditioning techniques used in behaviour therapy?

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something valued to increase a targeted behaviour.

What is negative reinforcement?

Taking away something bad to increase a behaviour.

What is extinction?

Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response.

What is positive punishment?

Adding a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening

What is negative punishment?

Removing a reinforcing stimulus to decrease a specific behaviour.

What is the purpose of Progressive Muscle Relaxation?

To help clients cope with stress and achieve mental/muscle relaxation.

What is Systematic Desensitization?

A technique where clients imagine anxiety-provoking events while engaging in competing behaviour.

What is in vivo exposure?

Exposing a person to a series of events that they fear.

What is flooding?

Exposing a person to their fears for a long period of time without engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviours

What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) used for?

It is used to treat PTSD and involves exposure therapy with rapid, rhythmic eye movements.

EMDR is easy enough that it can be done by anyone. (True/False)

False

1 multiple choice option

What is the focus of Social Skills Training in Behaviour Therapy?

To help clients develop skills in interpersonal competence through various techniques.

What is involved in self-management programs and self-directed behaviour?

Therapists share their knowledge and skills to help clients deal with their own problems.

What is a mindfulness approach to behaviour therapy?

Developing awareness through being present.

What is an acceptance approach to behaviour therapy?

Accepting the present experience without judgment.

What are the strengths of behaviour therapy?

- Clients may not like the free expression associated with other therapies

- It may not be acceptable to show emotion

- It is specific, task-oriented, and deals with the present

- Techniques are applicable and useful

- Focuses on environmental conditions

What are the weaknesses of behaviour therapy?

- Therapist may examine the individual too closely

- There may be consequences to clients changing their behaviours

On what belief is cognitive behaviour therapy based on?

Individuals have faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioural disturbances.

What does cognitive behaviour therapy aim to do?

Help people identify dysfunctional thought and behavioural patterns and replace them with more positive patterns.

What role does internal dialogue play in CBT?

Internal dialogue is central to behaviour, influencing how individuals perceive and react to situations.

What are 10 characteristics of cognitive behaviour therapy?

Active, motivational, directive, structured, collaborative, problem-oriented, psychoeducational, solution-focused, dynamic, and time-limited.

What are the basic assumptions surrounding rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)?

People contribute to their own problems with the extreme beliefs they hold, and cognitions, emotions, and behaviours interact significantly.

What is the belief of emotional disturbance?

We learn irrational beliefs growing up and re-create them in our lives.

What are 3 irrational beliefs we internalize according to REBT?

- I must do well to be loved

- Others must trust me fairly and be kind

- My life and world must be comfortable, providing me with all my needs

What are the key components of the ABC Model in REBT?

Adversity, beliefs, and consequences

With CBT, we assist clients in achieving unconditional . . .

Self-acceptance, other-acceptance, and life-acceptance.

What is the therapist's role in CBT

To point out the client's irrational thoughts and help them change their thinking.

What are the different cognitive techniques?

Disputing irrational beliefs, homework, bibliotherapy, changing language and thinking, psychoeducation, and socratic dialogue.

What does bibliotherapy involve?

Encouraging the client to write out their story.

What does psychoeducation involve?

Educating patients about the nature of their problems and how treatment will proceed.

What does Socratic dialogue involve?

Helping patients think critically through open-ended questioning.

What are the different emotive techniques?

Rational emotive imagery, humorous, role-playing, and shame-attacking exercises.

What is involved in Rational Emotive Imagery (REI)?

Encouraging clients to develop healthy emotions to adversity by making them describe their feelings while imagining the worst thing that can happen to them.

What are shame-attacking exercises?

Activities that reduce, minimize, and prevent feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression.

What is the goal of cognitive therapy?

To help clients become aware of negative thinking that influences depression.

What does the Negative Cognitive Triad consist of?

Self, world, and future.

What are the assumptions of cognitive therapy?

Clients can access thought processes through introspection, individual beliefs have personal meanings, and people can discover meaning themselves.

What are cognitive distortions?

Cognitive distortions are irrational thought patterns that can lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

What are all the main cognitive distortions?

Arbitrary inferences, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification, personalization, labelling, and dichotomous thinking.

What are arbitrary inference?

Conclusions drawn without supporting evidence.

What is selective abstraction?

Forming conclusions on isolated details or while ignoring information.

What is overgeneralization?

Holding extreme beliefs based on one incident.

What is magnification (minimization)?

Viewing something is greater or lesser than the actual event.

What is personalization?

Relating external events to yourself, even if there's no basis for the connection.

What is labelling (mislabeling)?

Portraying yourself based on imperfections or past mistakes.

What is dichotomous thinking?

Categorizing experiences as either-or extremes.

What are the strengths of CBT when it comes to multiculturalism?

- Can be modified to incorporate collectivistic thinking

- Uses individual beliefs as part of self-exploration

- Diverse clients tend to appreciate emphasis on cognition and action

What are the weaknesses of CBT when it comes to multiculturalism?

- Therapists should be mindful of their language

- Therapists should avoid challenging clients about beliefs

- Requires clients to be assertive