Anatomy & Physiology I - Lab 1 Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers anatomical terminology, body planes, cavities, microscopy, cell division stages, and transport mechanisms from Biology Lab 1.

Superior (cranial or cephalad)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Caudal (literal meaning)

Toward the tail; it is synonymous with inferior only when referring to the inferior end of the spine.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind.

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Midsagittal (median) plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts.

Frontal (coronal) plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Dorsal body cavity

The body cavity that includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral body cavity

The body cavity that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Ocular lenses

Also called eyepieces, these are the lenses at the top of a microscope usually with $10\times$ magnification.

Mitosis

Cell division where the cytoplasm divides and the parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information.

Leptotene

The first stage of Meiosis Prophase I where chromosomes start to condense.

Zygotene

The second stage of Meiosis Prophase I where synapsis begins and the synaptonemal complex forms.

Pachytene

The third stage of Meiosis Prophase I where crossing over occurs and DNA is exchanged by non-sister chromatids.

Diplotene

The fourth stage of Meiosis Prophase I where synapsis ends and chiasma are visible within bivalent.

Diakinesis

The final stage of Meiosis Prophase I where the nuclear membrane disintegrates.

Passive transport

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient without the need for energy, such as diffusion and osmosis.

Active transport

Movement of molecules up a concentration gradient using energy, for example the $Na/K$ pump.

Diffusion

Random movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Solute

The molecules or particles in a mixture/solution.

Solvent

The water part of a solution.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration of non-penetrating solutes to an area of high concentration of non-penetrating solutes.

Osmolarity

The number of solute particles per $L$ of a solution, measured in milli-Osmoles/Liter ($mOsm/L$).

Average human cell osmolarity

$300\,mOsm/L$.

Isotonic

Solutions with the same concentration of non-penetrating solutes as inside the cell, resulting in no change in cell volume or shape.

Hypertonic

Solutions with higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than in the cell, causing cells to lose water and crenate (shrink).

Hypotonic

Solutions with lower concentrations of non-penetrating solutes than in the cell, causing water to enter, swell the cell, and potentially cause lysis (bursting).

Hemolysis

The bursting of red blood cells when placed in a hypotonic solution.