Lecture 1 (8/19/24)

Anatomy

Study of form of organisms and their parts

Physiology

Study of Function of the parts of organisms

Levels of Organization

In biology, the study of organisms at different levels where larger levels are composed of smaller levels, and the function of smaller levels determines the function of larger levels

Atoms

Fundamental unit of matter, not special to living things and have no functions

Molecules

Made of many atoms, not alive; some types are special to living things and have functions

Cells

Made of many molecules, alive, smallest level that can survive as a single organism, sense and respond to environment, reproduce

Tissues

Many different cells of similar types connected and working together to achieve a function; four basic types: epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous

Organs

Made of multiple tissues, cells in close proximity working together to achieve a function

Organ Systems

Made of multiple organs with similar functions or working together to achieve a single function; different systems have different functions

Homeostasis

The internal conditions an organism must maintain in a narrow range for its parts to function; an active process requiring energy

Negative feedback

Body responds to any change by changing in the opposite direction to maintain stable conditions; a control system with variable, receptor, control center, and effector

Positive feedback

Body responds to any change by amplifying it in the same direction, leading to big changes; not homeostatic

Body Axes

Terms describing directions in anatomy: Superior, Inferior, etc.

Body Planes

Imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections: Frontal, Sagittal

Body Cavities

Fluid-filled spaces within the body that surround organs, allowing movement; include ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic) and dorsal cavities (cranial, spinal)

Anterior/Ventral

Towards the front or towards the belly

Posterior/Dorsal

toward the back

Distal

away from the body

Superficial

toward the outside (deep brain, superficial skull)

Superior

up towards the head

Inferior

down towards the toe

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

out towards the sides

Midline

imaginary line separating left and right sides through the nose and belly button

Sagittal

separates left from right side of the body

Frontal

separates the front from the back of the body

Transverse

separates the top from the bottom of the body

Oblique

at an angle

Ventral Cavity

in the ventral or anterior part of the body and surrounds visceral organs in the chest and belly

Thoracic cavity

part of the ventral cavity inside the chest and surrounded by ribcage

Abdominopelvic cavity

ventral cavity made of two parts but described as continuous. separated from thoracic by the diaphragm

Abdominal Cavity

In belly, and surrounds stomach, liver, and intestines

Pelvic Cavity

part of abdominopelvic cavity within pelvic bones and surrounds bladder, rectum, and uterus

Dorsal Cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord and makes up the Central Nervous System

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain within the skull

Spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord, passes through holes in the vertebrae, is protected by meninges