PSCI 152C Exam 1

Syndrome

Clinically significant behavioral, cognitive or emotional disturbances that reflect dysfunction in underlying in underlying psychological processes 

Abnormality or psychopathology is viewed as

Interfering with adaptation

Psychopathology

Hinders or prevents the young person from negotiating developmental tasks

Developmental standards

Age is always important in judging behavior

Developmental norms

describes the typical rates of growth, language, cognition., emotion, and social behavior

Behavioral indicators of a disorder

Developmental delay

Developmental regression or deterioration

Extremely low or high intensity/frequency of behavior

Behavioral difficulties persisting over time

Culture

encompasses the idea that groups of people are organized in specific ways

Cultural analysis

describes the many ways in which culture shapes normal vs. abnormal behavior

Ethnicity

denotes values, traits, and language from a national origin or geographic area

Identification of problems in youth

Abnormailty

Changes in views

role of adults

developmental

cultural

gender

situational

What disorders are higher in males

Autism

oppositional disorder

drug abuse

ADHD

intellectual disability

conduct disorder

language disorder

reading disability

What disorders are higher in females

Anxieties and fears

depression

eating disorders

Clinical psychology

Study of etiology, assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment with behavior disorders

Child psychopathology is what kind of practice

Multidisciplinary

Psychopathology has been dominated by what kind of approach

deterministic

The relationship between normal and atypical development

The need to understand what is normal

reciprocally informative

How (category vs. continuum)

Disordered behavior is dynamic

Children do not have a consistent level of functioning

Tertogens 

Harmful substances

What are tertagens associated with

malformations, low birth weight, fetal death, and functional behavioral impairment

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is characterized by what

abnormal brain development, retarded growth, birth defects, neurological issues

Operant learning

recognizing that a positive consequence of a behavior will strengthen the behavior

Observational learning

Individuals change due to experience

Cognitive-behavioral perspective

maintained by the interaction of internal cognitions and emotions with external environmental events

Factors contributing to maltreatment

characteristics of the abuser

characteristics of a child

parenting practices

parent-child interactional processes

social/cultural influences

Optimal adjustment model

A behavior is considered pathological, it is a health or adjustment hazardous to anyone around

Ideal adjustment model

any behavior that covers actuality and practicality

What conceptualizes child psychopathology

Behavioral axcess and deficit

Research methods in child psychopathology

description

prediction

control (prevention)

understanding

Peer parent

Provides social support, links parents to resources and advocate for parents

Parent advocate

An effort is made to promote the needs of their children, especially in educational settings

Epidemiology

The study of prevalence, incidence, and occurrence of disorders and competencies

Prevalence

number or percentage of cases of a disorder in a population at any specific time

Incidence

number or percentage of new cases that have appeared in a population

Psychopathology in adults

1 in 5 American adults meet the criteria for a disorder at any given time

15 percent may be unhappy but not undiagnosable

Children and psychopathology

Hard to get a good estimate

1 in 10 meet criteria for specific disorders

Issues in recording research of children

Parents and teacher expectations

Development

change in structure and function that occurs over time in living organisms

Areas of interest in development

Genetics

physical and motor

cognitive

emotional

social

Influences of development

normative vs. nonnormative

necessary vs sufficient

direct vs. indirect influences

timing

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease or behavior disorder 

Equifinality

multiple pathways lead to the same outcome

Multifinality

The same component can lead to multiple outcomes

Assessments

Any information used to gather information about people

Main settings of assessment

clinical

educational

health

Assessment process

Always include the child 

informed consent and confidentiality

Must evaluate from a developmental perspective 

Start with referral questions

Bipolar disorder is considered to be more severe than depressive disorder due to

High rates of comorbidity with other disorders

often more enduring in terms of lifelong persistence

Strongest links to family history and genetics

Major depressive episode symptoms

low positive affect (irritability in children) 

loss of interest or pleasure

emotional, vegetative, behavioral or cognitive issues 

Major depressive episode criteria

Children can be diagnosed if symptoms persist for a year, for adults, they have to persist for at least two years

Depression in toddlers and preschool children

anhedonia, sadness, irritability

It can be diagnosed in children at the youngest age of 3

loss of appetite, lack of sleep

delays in developmental milestones

nightmares, night terrors

excessive head banging, rocking

Depression in childhood

based on environmental factors

family conflict, problematic parenting, peer rejection

Somatic complaints, irritability, social withdrawal,

low self-esteem, self-critical, poor academic achievements, poor social relationships

Acting out, withdrawal, low frustration tolerance

Depression in adolescence

A higher rate of the melancholic subtype

A higher rate of suicide attempts and fatalities

psychomotor retardation/hypersomnia and delusions

Etiology and depression

Family history

parenting style

neurotransmitter functions 

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

characterized by frequent and severe temper outbursts across multiple settings, and it is accompanied by persistent negative mood states

Characteristics of a manic episode

heightened sense of self-esteem or grandiosity

little need for sleep

pressured sleep

flight of ideas

distractibility

excessive involvement in risky behaviors

heightened goal-directed activity

To be diagnosed with manic episodes, how many symptoms must be in action

At least three of the seven symptoms

Symptoms of bipolar in children

rapid mood shifts between elation and irritability

problems with sleep

dangerous risk-taking behaviors

grandiosity, inflated self-esteem

pressured sleep, flight of ideas

What criteria does ADHD and mania share

decreased need for sleep

excessive talking

distractibility, irritability

Suicidal ideation

feelings of depression, anger, hopelessness, anxiety, and worthlessness

Risk factors for youth suicide

substance abuse

aggressive or disruptive behaviors 

depression

Strongest predictors of a future suicide attempt

prior suicide attempt

substance or alcohol abuse

evidence of a mood disorder

life stressor

Common life stressors for suicide attempts

loss of a relationship, teen pregnancy, physical or sexual abuse, trouble with school, or law, conflict with parents, exposure to suicide, recent move

suicide prevention factors

academic achievement

connectedness to family

grade point average (males)

emotional well being (females)

Euphoria

a state of intense excitement and happiness

Bipolar depression

characterized by persistent low mood, inabilty to experience pleasure without any history of manic episodes

Beck’s negative triad

a cognitive model proposing that depression stems from a cycle of negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future

anhedonia

reduced ability to experience joy

iatrogenic effects

adverse or harmful consequences that arise as a result of medical treatment

What are the three levels of intervention

Primary, secondary, tertiary

Primary

Prevention of problems or illness

promotion of optimum well being

Secondary

detect problem early and reverse it

Tertiary

Treatment of established disease or problem

Reestablish health

manage condition

Bibliotherapy

books to help treat

Types of psychotherapy

Individual, play, group, marital/family, parenting training

Dysphoria

negative mood state characterized as sadness

Euthymia

“normal” mood