APES unit 1

Biotic

The living parts of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals).

Abiotic

The non-living parts of an ecosystem (e.g., water, rocks, sunlight).

Ecosystem Services

The free benefits nature provides to humans (e.g., trees cleaning the air, bees pollinating crops).

Sustainability

Using resources at a pace that ensures they won't run out for future generations.

Natural Resource

Anything found in nature that humans use to survive.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in a specific area.

Ecological Footprint

The amount of land and water needed to support a person's lifestyle and absorb their waste.

Per Capita

Per person.

Conservation

Protecting and carefully managing natural resources so they aren't wasted.

Renewable Resource

A resource that replaces itself naturally over a short time (e.g., solar, wind).

Sustainable Yield

The most you can harvest from nature without shrinking the future supply.

Nonrenewable Resource

A resource with a limited supply that takes millions of years to form (e.g., coal, oil).

Anthropogenic

Caused by human activities.

Pollution

Harmful materials added to the air, water, or soil.

Independent Variable

The thing you change on purpose in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The result you measure because of that change.

Control Group

The group left alone under normal conditions to use as a baseline for comparison.

Hypothesis

An educated, testable guess.

Replication

Repeating an experiment multiple times to prove the results weren't an accident.

Sample Size

The number of subjects or tests included in an experiment.

Demography

The study of human populations and how they change.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an environment can support without breaking down.

Doubling Time

How many years it takes for a population to double in size. (70/growth rate)

Rule of 70

A math trick to find doubling time: divide 70 by the percentage growth rate.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of births per 1,000 people in a year.

(Total birth/total population x1000) (typixal range 10-50)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

(Total death/Toral population x1000) [Typical ramge:1-20]

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of kids a woman has in her lifetime in a country. (# of babies born to rperoductive women/total population of women)

Economic Development

How a country improves its wealth, industry, and living standards.

Developed Country

A wealthy, industrialized nation with good healthcare and high life expectancy (e.g., USA, Japan).

Developing Country

A poorer, mostly agricultural nation with faster population growth and lower life expectancy.

Life Expectancy

How long a person is statistically expected to live.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of babies (under 1 year old) who die per 1,000 births.

Immigration

People moving into a new country.

Emigration

People moving out of their home country.

Replacement-Level Fertility

Having just enough kids to replace the parents (usually about 2.1 children per woman).

Age Structure Diagram

A population pyramid graph showing how many males and females of each age exist in a population.

Demographic Transition

The predictable shift of a country from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as it gets wealthier. (Demographic transtion MODEL has 4 stages: preindustrial characterized by high birth and death rates so population is not growing; transitional: characterized by high birth but low death rates develepoung. Ounrty ; industrialiEd (declining birth rate, declining death rates; post transitional very low birth rate to the piint it may be lower than death rate)

Poverty

Not having enough money to meet basic daily needs.

Affluence

Having high wealth and consuming a large amount of resources.

Population Density

How crowded a place is (e.g., people per square mile).

Family Planning

Resources, education, and birth control that let people choose when and how many kids to have.

Constrictive Pyramid

Narrow at the bottom; indicates a shrinking population with fewer young people.

Expansive Pyramid

Wide at the bottom; indicates a rapidly growing population with lots of young people.

Columnar Pyramid

Straight up and down; indicates a stable population that isn't growing or shrinking.

Inverted Pyramid

Top-heavy; indicates a severely shrinking, aging population where older people outnumber the youth.

Natural Rate of Increase

The increase/decrease of population that doesn’t take migration to account in a country (: CBR-CDR)

Growth rate

(CBR-CDR/10) Or. (# of births-#of deaths/Total population )

Average annual growth rate

Total percentage change/ # of years that passed