MSU ARC 1013 Final Exam

Architecture responds to...

-the needs of its users and rises to the level of art.

Architecture is connected to....

-a particular place and relates to the specifics of geography, climate, and the surroundings.

Site

-architects call the particular place a building is to be constructed

Why is architecture important?

-because it permanently records a civilization's aesthetic tastes, material resources, political and social aspirations

Architecture helps define...

place

Three principals Vitruvius felt essential to architecture:

-firmness (structure)

-commodity (function)

-delight (beauty)

Architects shape space using the following elements (9):

-solids

-voids

-scale

-massing

-proportion

-rhythm

-color

-texture

-light

Solids and Voids

-the relationship between solid and void creates architectural space

Symmetry

-designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

Mies van der Rohe

"God is in the details."

Proportion

-a quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to the whole.

Golden Section

-known since the Greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature

-"a line cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole."

-approximately 8:5

Shed Roof

slopes to one side

Gable Roof

slopes to two sides

Hipped Roof

sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge

Pavilion Roof

shaped like a pyramid and is used to cover a square structure

Barrel Vault

semi-circular roof

Gambrel Roof

roof combines two different pitches below the ridge

Mansard Roof

-roof combines two different pitches below the ridge

-named for French architect Francois Mansart

Flat Roof

-popular by European architects of 20th c

-makes roof over a building with large plan possible, rarely actually flat-but have a very low slope

Rusticated Wall

made of stone that are typically rough and raised off the wall surface

Half-timbered

having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry and plaster

Clapboard siding

wood siding laid horizontally

Board and Batten siding

wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens

Stucco

a course plaster composed of cement, sand, and lime, mixed with water and used to cover exterior walls

Glass

-ability to create large expanses of glass in a wall was made possible by manufacturing improvements in the late 19th and 20th century

-glass is not used in a structural way, except in most technically sophisticated buildings

Curtain Wall

a nonstructural frame and glass cladding system

Masonry

brick/stone/concrete block

Concrete

poured in place, pre-cast, tilt up panels

Lancet Window

-tracery-decorative stonework; trefoil-cloverleaf shape with three foils; quatrefoil-four foils; popular in gothic structures

Palladian Window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows

Oxeye Window

a comparatively small round or oval window used in frieze or dome

Double hung Window

a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks

Dorner Window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

Bay Window

a window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

Ribbon Window

a horizontal band of windows

Casement Window

a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame

Transom Window

a window above the transom of a doorway

Clerestory

a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

Arched Doorway

associated with Romanesque and Gothic architecture

Pedimented Doorway

triangular shaped element historically made of stone

Venetian Door

a door opening, with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights)

French Door

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in panes

Sliding Door

a door that operates or moves by sliding on a track

Building Type

an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

Building Type Examples (9):

-cathedral

-bank

-train station

-palace

-castle

-skyscraper

-temple

-airport

-factory

Building Program

a client's list of practical requirements for a design project

Steps Required to Become a Licensed Architect:

-5 year BARC or 4+2 MARC or 3+ year MARC

-minimum 3 year internship

-pass 7 part ARE exam

Basic Architectural Services consist of the following phases:

-Schematic Design-15% of Fee

-Design Development- 25% of Fee

-Construction Documents- 35% of Fee

-Bidding and Contract Negotiation- 5% of Fee

-Construction Phase- 20% of Fee

Representation, abstraction, and symbolism

look up sketches

Orthographic Drawings

-2D

-Plan

-Section

-Elevation

Axonometric Drawings

-axon and metron- "axis" "measure"

-depict and require measurement in three dimensions

-"paraline"- parallel lines in the object are parallel in the drawing

-this is not how we perceive the world!

Perspective Drawings

-depict and require measurement in three dimensions

-"foreshortening"- parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth

-this is how we see it-IT IS REALISTIC

"Dead" Loads

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.)

"Live" Loads

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc.)

Megalithic Structures

-stone megaliths

-menhirs, dolmen, henges, cromlech

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

a circle of stones

Remarkable Joinery

Mortise and tenon

Three Types of Pyramids

-Step pyramid-Dosers

-Bent pyramid-Snefuru's South Pyramid Dashur, Egypt

-Straight-sided pyramid- Cheops's Pyramid Giza, Egypt

Ziggurats

-stepped structures

-some of the oldest pyramids

-built from mud bricks

First Recorded Architect

-Egyptian named Imhotep

-born commoner

-btwn 2700-2600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb

-"translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone

-also an astronomer, magician, and doctor

Egypt- Pyramids

-pyramids were tombs for kings built on west bank of Nile River

-covered in reflective limestone

-gold veneer found at top

-thought king would walk on sun rays to eternity-if king lives forever, the people do too

-sealed the tomb, not a public space or place

-sculptural objects on the landscape

-represent rays of the sun

Pyramids ensure...

-the safety and long-lastingness of the pharaoh's corpse and makes tangible to "his people" the hope that resides in his perpetuity

The Lion Gate

-Mycennae, ca. 1300 BC

-forerunner to Post and Bean trabeated system

-precursor to Greek architecture

Lion's Gate

-sense of structure was an inheritance from Neolithic period

-Lion element borrowed from Egypt- but now more organic

-Post and Lintel

-Greeks will refine post and lintel triangular relief

-walls beyond narrow to allow defenders increased opportunity to repel attackers

Greek Architecture

-Greeks united by language

-Founded on: private property, individual freedom, "democracy"

Doric Order

-oldest, simplest, most massive

-columns placed close together, often no bases

-plain capitals

-entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

Ionic Order

-developed in Ionian islands

-characterized as delicate order "female"

-contrasted with "male" Doric order

-used for smaller buildings and interiors

-easily recognizable by volutes on capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

Corinthian Order

-variation of Ionic Order

-same as Ionic except a new type of Capital

-capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

-often found on interiors

Perfection of Ionic Order

Temple of Athena Nike

The Acropolis

-Athens, Greece

The Parthenon

-Athens 448-432 BCE

-refined perfection of Doric Order

-Supreme example of classical architecture

Elgin Marbles aka Lord Elgin

-purchased marble from Turks

-British Museum- London

Caryatids

a sculptured female figure used as a column

Greeks

-made objects in the landscape

-balance

-harmony

-refinement of form

-not structural innovation

-Post and Beam

Romans

-conquered the Greeks

-Etruscans brought Classical architecture to empire

1/5 of the world was under their rule

-made spaces; made images in context; made innovations in construction and technology

-The Arch: vault, dome, concrete

Tuscan Order

-unlike Doric, supports an entablature with no decoration

-used to create wooden temple with pitched roof

Composite Order

-combines Ionic volutes with Corinthian acanthus leaves

-a Roman innovation

Roman Structural Innovation

Barrel Vault and Groin Vault

Barrel Vault

extending arch along its depth

Groin Vault

-intersecting two barrel vaults

-opens a space in 4 directions

-used to create huge interiors in bathes and gyms

Pantheon

-pediment

-portico

Constantine I

-AD 306-337

-edict of Milan 313 AD

-proclaimed tolerance of all religions

Early Christian Churches

-based on timber-roofed basilicas

Roman Capital

-shifted East to Byzantium

-Capital City: Constantinople

Hagia Sophia

Not thick walls....

-use buttresses at right angles to take collected pressures of ribbed vault and arch

English Gothic

-Salisbury Cathedral 1220-1258

Gothic

-A-historical, asymmetrical

-architecture in service to God

Renaissance

-mathematics, rational, proportions, universal order

-not aspire to heavens, grounded to earth, human reason

-symmetry

-circle and square pure form

Renaissance 15th Century

-began in Florence

-authentic re-use of classicism, based in understanding of perspective, change size, and proportion of columns, pediments, etc.

-represent human intellect as much as the power of God

Renaissance definition

the activity, spirit or time of humanistic revival of classical art, literature, and learning; originating in Italy in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century making the transition from the medieval to the modern world

Renaissance Architecture

the various adaptations of Italian Renaissance architecture that occurred throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings

"Renaissance Man"

Brunelleschi

First Renaissance building

-Brunelleschi

-Foundling Hospital- Florence, Italy 1422

-symmetrical forms

-proportions relate one element to another

-application scientific perspective

The "Duomo", Dome of the Cathedral of Florence

-largest dome built since the Romans

-technical achievement in its construction

-no "centering"- built to be self-supporting as it was constructed

-employed ribs and double shells

Brunelleschi

-Foundling Hospital

-Cathedral of Florence

-Pazzi Chapel