social development sex gender

language

expression of thoughts and ideas to pair with meaning. shapes way people think, understand, perceive the world

phonemes

smalest units of sound, such as vowels and consonants (ex. p, a, th, s)

morphemes

smallest units of meaningful sound (words, prefixes, suffixes, letters

semantics

understanding meaning of words/phrases in specific contexts/sentences

syntax

rules for arranigng words/order in sentences

grammar

generally accepted rules describing how language works to convey meaning

morphology

study of how words are structured and formed from smallest meaningful units (-ed, -un, able, play)

phonology

study of how sounds function and pattern in a language to convey meaning (p in pat vs b in bat)

non-verbal communication

used by all cultures and is defined by facial expressions, body language, manual gestures

generative

ability to produce and understand sentences never heard/seen before

cooing

single vowel sounds like “ooh” and “aah”, communicating imitating sounds they heard

babbling

experimentation of phonemes that infants combine and sound out, parroting

one-word stage

communications using single words to express needs (9-18 months)

telegraphic speech

toddlers combine words into simple commands, does not have syntax

overgeneralization

taking a concept of a word and applying it to many situations (ex: eat → eated)

ecological systems theory

theory stating human development is influenced by 5 interconnected systems: microsystems (immediate surroundings), mesosystem (interaction between microsystems), exosystem (indirect influences), macrosystem (broad culture/laws), chronosystem (life time changes)

gender identity

deep, internal sense of being male, female, both, neither

sexual orientation

one’s enduring attraction toward others or lack thereof

biological sex

gender assigned at birth

XY chromosomes - male

XX chromosomes - female

intersex

born with sexual anatomy that does not fit typical male/female definitions

gender expression

external way someone presents their gender to the world

non-binary gender

gender identities outside traditional male/female binary

androgen insensitivity syndrome

characterized by feminization of external genitalia

Turner syndrome

genetic condition in females where one X chromosome is altered or missing, affecting growth, development, fertility

Klinefelter syndrome

genetic condition in males causing an extra X chromosome

gender roles

external representation of internalized gender identity

gender non-conformity

identity/expression differs from conventional stereotypes

androgyny

presents both masculine and feminine characteristics

transgender

gender identity differs from biological sex assigned at birth

DSM implications

categorization of sexualities and gender disorders as mental disorders and complications

authoritarian parenting

authoritative parenting

permissive parenting

attachment

emotional time with another person

temperament

secure attachment

infants are comfortable with caregiver present, caregiver leaves and infant is temporarily disturbed but not distressed, then caregiver returns with sense of comfort

insecure attachment

clinging anxious attachment or avoidant attachment that resists closeness

avoidant attachment

infants do not seek proximity to their parent after seperation

anxious attachment

infants are very distressed when caregiver leaves

disorganized attachment

infants do not show coherent/consistent behavior during seperation and when reuniting with parents

seperation anxiety

stranger anxiety

fear of strangers, common for infants beginning around 8mo

parent infant attachment bond

powerful survival impulse upd

caregiver attachment

based on nourishment upd

Harry Harlow

fondness

sense of affection fostered by exposure to people and things

“Strange Situation” experiment

parallel play

play where a child is next to others and using similar objects but still engaged in own activity

egocentrism

imaginary audience

belief that others are constantly focusing on them (behaviors, appearance, etc.)

personal fable

belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability

social clock

set of norms governing the ages at which life events are expected to occur (starting school, graduation, marriage)

emerging adulthood

transition from adolescence to adulthood upd

The Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development

proposes that people must resolve psychosocial conflicts at each stage of the lifespan

trust and mistrust

autonomy and shame and doubt

initiatie and guilt

industry and inferiority

identity and role confusion

intimacy and isolation

generativity and stagnation

integrity and despair

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

traumatic events occurring before age 18, affecting phys. and mental development (abuse, neglect, household dysfunction)

identity diffusion

neither explored options nor made a commitment to identity

identity foreclosure

comitting to an identity without exploring options

identity moratorium

exploring to establish an identity but have yet to commit to anything

identity achievement

those who, after exploration, made a commitment

possible self

mental representation of what one could become