9B: Demographic Characteristics and Processes

Age cohorts

Groups of people who are close together in age, ex. generations

Age identity

The views people have about themselves as a result of their age. Positive age identity is correlated with higher social participation.

Gender segregation

Spatial or physical separation of men and women, can be legally enforced, socially enforced, or voluntary. Occurs across society.

Racialization

How people are characterized as having a race based on arbitrary measures, or phenotypes. White is viewed as raceless in this view.

Race formation

How society agrees on racial categories.

Malthusian theory

Resources vs population. Resources increase at constant rate, population goes up dramatically, at the point when population is much larger than resources, Malthusian crisis (war, famine) occurs.

Demographic transition

Measures changes in birth and death rate as the country modernizes (better education for women, contraception, healthcare access)

Demographic Transition Stage 1

High birth and death rate, low population growth

Demographic Transition Stage 2

Death rate falls as result of better healthcare, population growth occurs.

Demographic Transition Stage 3

Death rate continues to fall, birth rate starts to fall, population growth increases.

Demographic Transition Stage 4

Population growth and death rate plateau, birth rate continues to fall.

Population projections

Global pop. will peak at 10 billion. In modern countries, age distribution will become more even.

Population pyramids

Pyramids that measure the population by measures of age group and sex.

Population Pyramid Stage 1 Demographic Transition

Very few people at upper levels.

Population Pyramid Stage 2 Demographic Transition

People at lower levels vastly outnumber those at upper levels, grow larger.

Population Pyramid Stage 3 Demographic Transition

Population increase slows down, even numbers of people at lowest levels and in the middle.

Population Pyramid Stage 4 Demographic Transition

Population numbers mostly even across age groups.

Total birth rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime.

Crude birth rate

Total number of births per population of 1000 people.

Infant morality rate

Total number of infant deaths per total number of infants.

Crude death rate

Number of deaths per 1000 people

Life expectancy

Number of years a person is expected to live.

Patterns in fertility

Birth rates drop with economic progression and women having more access to education.

Patterns in mortality

Death rates drop as healthcare and access to healthcare improves.

Push factors

Reasons that people emigrate, ex. poverty, persecution, war, environmental disaster

Pull factors

Reasons that people immigrate, ex. economic opportunity, religious freedom

Relative deprivation

When person compares themself to someone of similar social standing and feels that they possess fewer resources.

Redemptive social movements

Radical change for specific individuals

Alternative social movements

Limited change for specific individuals

Revolutionary social movements

Radical change for everyone

Reformative social movements

Limited change for everyone

Social movement strategies

1. Emerge

2. Coalesce

3. Bureaucratise

Social Movement Results

• Cooption of leaders

• Becoming mainstream

• Government suppression

• Success

• Failure

Globalization

Interactions between different global regions, causing integration of markets and interdependence of nations through trade.

Communication technology

Allowed different regions of the world interact in business rapidly, access to one another’s ideas, and for people in regions with censorship to access information.

Economic interdependence

Nations are interdependent on one another through supply chains, trade agreements, and global banking and economic regulatory entities.

Hyper-globalist perspective

Nations lose significance in context of large global economy.

Skeptical perspective on globalization

Third world countries have fewer benefits of globalization than first world countries.

Transformationalist perspective on globalization

Globalization is dependent on interdependent interactions, outcomes can not be predicted with certainty.

World Systems Theory of globalization

There are core, semiperipheral, and peripheral zones. Peripheral zones export raw materials to core zones, which process it and sell it back to peripheral zones at a high price.

Core zones in World Systems Theory

Large tax base, industrialized, strong central government.

Semi-peripheral zones in World Systems Theory

Mix of core and peripheral zones.

Peripheral zones in World Systems Theory

Low economic diversity, not as industrialized.

Social changes in globalization

Civil unrest and terrorism have been side effects of globalization.

Industrialization

Movement of people from rural to urban areas to work factory jobs.

Urban Growth

Increase in city’s population led to increase in businesses, homes, and cultural centers in the city.

Suburbanization

Movement of (wealthy, white) people out of city centers into areas surrounding cities due to crowding and cost. Created car-dependent communities where people have to commute.

Urban decline

People move further out into suburbs and exburbs due to poor living conditions and crowding in the city, causes urban sprawl

Urban sprawl

Cities that extend large distances, with residential areas far from centers of retail, commerce and culture.

Gentrification

The process by which richer people move into poorer areas, renovate the homes there, making them too expensive to live in and forcing poorer people to move to worse areas of the city.

Urban renewal

Shift in urban decline happening currently, where black people are moving into the suburbs and white people are moving into the cities.