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AGRICULTURE
sector that contribute to the economic prosperity of advance and less develop countries
England, USA, Canada, Japan
the historical experience of these country reveal the importance of agriculture in the process of the country's economic development at the outset of the Industrial Revolution.
Prof. Charles Kindleberger, Michael Todaro, William Arthur Lewis and Ragnar Nurkse,
agriculture makes its contribution to economic development in several ways
providing food and raw materials
creating demands for goods produced in non- agricultural sector
providing investable surplus in the form of savings and taxes
earning valuable foreign exchange through the exportation
Providing employment to a vast army of uneducated
CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL INCOME
contribute a very large share of GDP of most of the economies before industrial development takes place in them.
SOURCE OF FOOD SUPPLY
the basic source of food supply of all the countries of the world—whether underdeveloped, developing or even developed.
PRE-REQUISITE FOR RAW MATERIAL
Agricultural advancement is necessary for improving the supply of raw materials for the agro-based industries especially in developing countries.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXPORT
progress in the agricultural sector provides a surplus for increasing the exports of agricultural products
Simon Kuznets
he states that “Agriculture was a major source of exports and that the resulting command over the resources of the more developed countries played a strategic role in facilitating modern economic growth.”
SOURCE of FOREIGN EXCHANGE for the COUNTRY
Most of the developing countries of the world are exporters of primary products. These products contribute 60 to 70 per cent of their total export earnings.
CREATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE
development of agriculture requires roads, market, storage, transportation, postal services and many other services for an infrastructure creating demand for industrial products and the development of the commercial sector.
EXTENSION OF MARKET SIZE
raises rural income levels and creates an effective market for more and new industrial goods.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR RURAL
provides employment opportunities for rural people on a large scale in underdeveloped and developing countries. It is an important source of livelihood.
LAND
plays a vital role in supporting human life and economic activities like farming, building, and resource extraction.
Landowner
individual or entity that owns land.
Tenants
farmers who do not own the land they cultivate
Landless laborers
people who do not own or rent any land and instead work on other people's farms in exchange for wages (usually daily or seasonal)
Land Reform
government-initiated policies and actions designed to restructure the ownership, control, access, and use of agricultural land. It seeks to create a more balanced and fair land distribution system
to address redistributing land more equitably, securing land tenure rights, and providing support systems that empower rural communities
OBJECTIVES OF LAND REFORM
Land Distribution
Secure Land Ownership
Support Services & Development
Reduce Poverty
Boosting agricultural output
Japan’s Post-war Agricultural Land Reform (1946)
Goal: Break up large landlord estates, transfer land ownership to tenant farmers, boost productivity, ensure food supply, and stabilize employment.
South Korea – Farmland Reform Act of 1949
To eliminate feudal land ownership, reduce rural inequality, and empower small farmers by giving them ownership of the land they worked on.
Philippines - CARP (June 10, 1988)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was launched in the Philippines in 1988 through Republic Act No. 6657 the goal was to promote To promote social justice and rural development by giving land to landless farmers, ending feudal land ownership, and improving the lives of poor agricultural workers.
Benefits of land reform
Promotes social justices
Empower farmes
reduces rural poverty
Boosts agricultural productivity
Strengthens rural economies
Challenges of land reform
Slow and Delayed Implementation
Lack of supportive services
fragmented and small landholdings
Low agricultural productivity
Land conversions
beneficiary problems
Agricultural productivity
refers to the efficiency and effectiveness with which various inputs—such as land, labor, fertilizers, seeds, water, and machinery—are converted into agricultural outputs, including crops, livestock, poultry, and other farm products.
Factors why land productivity matters
Support Food Security
Increases Farmers Income
Boosts Agricultural growth
Maximize the use of limited resources
Agricultural price
policy involves government actions to regulate agricultural product prices.
aim to stabilize and support farmers' incomes while ensuring food availability for the population.
Price Support Mechanism
Governments may set minimum prices for certain crops to protect farmers from market fluctuations.
Price Stabilization Strategies
include buffer stocks and strategic reserves to manage supply and demand. effectively.
Minimum Support Prices (MSP)
guaranteed prices set by the government for specific agricultural products.
By providing this financial safety net, MSP encourages farmers to invest in their crops and maintain production levels
Procurement
involves government agencies buying agricultural products directly from farmers at pre-determined prices
Public Distribution System (PDS)
initiative that distributes essential food grains, such as rice and wheat, to consumers at subsidized prices
Buffer Stocks
strategic reserves of food grains maintained by the government to manage supply and price. fluctuations.