eHealth Ch11 Human-Centred Design

iterative

At each stage, the design is reconsidered and receives feedback before progressing to the next stage.

The Double Diamond Model

Assumes that all HCD disign processes go through phases of divergence, in which issues and ideas are explored more widely, followed by phases of convergence, in which focused action and decision-making take place.

This process of divergence-convergence is done both to find and define the problem the design will tackle and to develop and test a solution.

The phases of HCD

• Discover (divergence)

• Define (convergence)

• Design/Develop (divergence)

• Deliver (convergence)

Discover

Understand the problem according to the people who are affected by it.

Define

• Describe the main challenge

• Set requirements

Design/Develop

Creating many different early ideas of possible solutions.

Deliver

Testing prototypes with users.

cognitive work analysis

• A work-centred conceptual framework that aims to analyse cognitive work and is widely applied in healthcare.

• It first evaluates the system already in place, and then develops recommendations for design.

• In order to design good systems that work with humans, one has to understand the work that people do, their information behaviour, the context in which they work, and the reason for their actions.

cognitive task analysis

Aims to dissect ‘mental work’ into more managable constructs that shed light on a particular problem.

persona

Spcific, concrete representations of fictitious persons that represent the target group and are used to put a face on the user.

participatory design and co-design

Have multive definitions, but all approaches stress the importance of actively involving relevant persons during the development of technologies.

generative design

Focused on the making (generating) of artefacts by users to help reflect on their lived experience and preferences of the design (e.g., mindmap, sketch, model).

two ways of evaluating prototypes

expert-based: experts use their own knowledge about good design, the target group, and/or the subject.

user-based: here, the evaluation is performed with potential end-users.

heuristic evaluation

• Experts review a design.

• most valuable at an early prototype stage (e.g., mock-up, mindmap), when it is easier to make changes to the design following the outcomes of the heuristic evaluation.

• Experts sometimes intentionally do the ‘wrong’ thing to see howthe system handles error input.

• the evaluator is often aided by a worksheet or checklist that reminds them of the key problems to look for.

cognitive walk-through

• Similar to the heuristic evaluation.

• Performed with experts

• Before giving instructions to the expert, the researcher specifies the task that a user would want to perform with the system.

• Fewer problems are identified than in a heuristic evaluation, yet those found are often severe and essential to address.

• Often preferred when there are time or financial contraints on a project.

usability test - thing aloud method

• Members of the target group use the prototype to complete scenarios that are provided by the designer.

• The user is asked to ‘think aloud’.

performance test

• Requires a product or a prototype that looks and feels as much as possible to the eventual product.

• The evaluation will require recruitment of participants who reflect the range of possible users.

• A performance evaluation should ideally also include qualitative data collection.

field test

• Focused on the use of a technology once it is close to being finished and is used by the end users.

• May also be referred to as a pilot test to indicate that it is the first situated evaluation of the final prototype.

• Multiple qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods can be used.