AP European History important SHE

Petrarch

He searched for forgotten Latin manuscripts and was the first scholar to write in the language of the region (vernacular) Latin.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince which stressed the role for an absolute ruler to use violence when necessary. The Prince should be feared rather than loved.

Michelangelo

Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and created the sculpture, David.

Jan van Eyck

Made the Arnolfini Portrait which focused on the life of everyday people as well as some religious matters.

Henry VII

Wanted to separate England from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to end his marriage with Katheran of Aragon.

Act of Supremacy

Made the King of England the head of the Church of England.

Peace of Augsburg

Signed by Roman Emperor Charles V which gave German rulers the right to determine whether the residents of their state would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Star Chamber

Court in England that was unfair as the accused were unable to see the evidence against them and could be tortured for confessions. Was meant to reduce troubles among the aristocracy.

Nobles of the Robe

Group of Nobility that got their power through their legal and administrative roles rather than their birth title.

Compass

First invented in China and allowed explorers more information about which way they were going when traveling.

Cannons

Places on caravels which allowed Europeans to attack other ships and coastal towns.

Ferdinand and Isabell

Sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus which led to the discovery of the New World and a lot of wealth.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Powerful finance minister who helped develop the idea of mercantilism.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the world between them, which gave majority of the New World to Spain, while Portugal had access to the Indian Ocean.

Smallpox

Disease spread by Europeans to the Americas resulting in the death of many natives.

Potatoes

Staple crop imported from the Americas which was a reliable food source for many farmers.

Middle Passage

Route taken from Africa to the New World that slaves would be forced to go through that had very bad conditions.

The Dutch East India Company

Traded in Asia and obtained a monopoly on Spice trade their bringing a lot of wealth to the Netherlands.

British East India Company

Controlled trade between Europe and Asia specifically in India, started with controlling spice but then later focused on cotton and silk.

Enclosure Movement

Made the common lands which were supposed to be used by everyone, and made it private property for businesses.

Little Ice Age

Climate change that resulted in lower temperatures than usual which made farming and life harder.

Martin Luther

Monk who believed that the church was not following the teachings of Jesus

95 Theses

Posted by Martin Luther which criticized the church on some of their practices such as the selling of Indulgences

Priesthood of all believers

Belief by Protestants that anyone in the church can communicate directly with God

Salvation by faith alone

Belief by Protestants that having faith alone in God will get you into heaven

John Calvin

Created Calvinism in Geneva, Switzerland and wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination

Belief by Calvanists that God has already chosen who to save when they were born

Calvanists

Believed that wealth was a sign that God favored them

Vernacular Bibles

Bibles written in the language of the region which allowed people to read them

Huguenots

French Protestants who were against Catholicism

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Protestant Henry of Navarre was marrying a Catholic which would unite the two religions when all of the sudden Huguenots were murdered by the Kings guard creating further divide

Thirty Years' War

Protestants and Catholics were still divided in the Holy Roman Empire which led to a war with states such as France joining on the Protestant's side despite being Catholic in order to weaken the Hapsburgs

Edict of Nantes

French Huguenots were granted some religious freedoms such as the ability to worship in Protestant towns and in their homes

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the 30 Years and 80 Years War and allowed rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to choose the religion of their land

Council of Trent

Council held by the Catholic Church in order to reform the Church in order to gain some of their supports back from the Protestant Reformation

Ursulines

Institutes created by the Catholic Church that taught girls about Catholicism and educated them in reading and writing

Las Querelle des Femmes

Debate about the role of women in society with some sides arguing women were unjustly marginalized while others supported the oppression of women

Carnival

Day before Lent when people would get out all of their sins by sinning a lot

Charivari

Parade that was filled with people charged with crimes that was meant to humiliate them

Mannerism

Art movement that focused on elongated proportions and exaggerated poses

Baroque

Art movement that focused on drama, light and dark, and movement

James I

English monarch that believed in the Divine Right of Kings and cemented the Church of England as the official religion of England (Anglicanism)

Charles I

Son of James I who did not call Parliament until he needed funds against Scotland rebelling and he tried to arrest members of Parliament which resulted in a war between Charles I and Parliament

Oliver Cromwell

Head of the Parliament and helped defeat Charles I and became a military dictator that promoted Puritanism and oppressed Protestants and Catholics

Charles II

Restored to the English throne after Cromwell's death and restored Parliament but Parliament was worried about Charles since he wasn't openly Protestant and was a close friend of Louis XIV

Test Act

Forbad any non-Anglican from voting, holding office, teaching, etc

James II

Monarch after Charles II and was openly Catholic which worried Parliament which resulted in them giving the throne to his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (William III) after James II abdicated after seeing Parliament building an army

English Bill of Rights

Established a constitutional monarchy with power shared between Parliament and the throne

Agricultural Revolution

New farming techniques such as the Three Field System led to an increase in food production leading to more population growth

Cottage Industry

Workshop owners gave supplies to laborers in their homes who would create a certain part of the product they were selling

Bank of England

English monarchs used it as a source of income to pursue wars against other countries such as France

Nine Years War

Fight between England, HRE, and Spain against France who wanted to expand into the Rhineland

Louis XIV

France monarch also called the Sun King, who established an absolute monarchy in France.

Edict of Fontainebleau

Got rid of the Edict of Nantes and established Catholicism as the only religion.

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia by changing their education and clothing such as having a beard tax, which required people to pay if they wanted to keep their beards.

Catherine the Great

Was an enlightened monarch that promoted education in Russia and supported the printing of the Encyclopedia.

Copernicus

Believed in a heliocentric model of the universe (sun is the center of the universe) rather than a geocentric model of the universe (earth is the center of the universe).

Galileo

Proved that the planets were not heavenly spheres and published a book that supported the heliocentric model.

Newton

Believed that laws governed the universe such as the Law of Universal Gravitation.

William Harvey

Determined that the heart was the starting point of circulation and that the same blood flows through your body.

Andreas Vesalius

Showed personal dissections of the body which went against classical teachings of the human body.

Francis Bacon

Believed in inductive reasoning which focused on getting evidence from direct observations.

René Descartes

Believed in deductive reasoning which focused on self evident truths to assert scientific laws such as matter being made up of tiny particles.

Voltaire

Philosopher that supported religious freedom, freedom of expression, and he criticized the Catholic Church and French Monarchy.

Diderot

Created the Encyclopedia which gave knowledge to everyone.

Montesquieu's Spirit of Law

Supported a government with 3 branches, judicial, executive and legislative so that power is distributed equally.

John Locke

Believed in a social contract that the government is meant to protect people's natural rights and people will follow them. If the government breaks this contract then the people can rebel.

Rousseau

Wrote the Social Contract and his ideas contributed to the French Revolution.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and philosopher who promoted more rights for women.

Adam Smith

Wrote the Wealth of Nation which promoted capitalism.

German Pietism

Protestant Movement in Germany that focused on following the bible as well as living a holy christian life.

Rembrandt

Painted the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulip which reflected the ideas of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution.

Fredrick II of Prussia

Enlightened monarch that supported the arts and complete freedom of the press and literature.

American Revolution

American colonies revolted against the British and won which resulted in the British losing an important source of income.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Defines a single set of individual rights for all such as men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

Robespierre

French leader apart of the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror who supported the killing of anyone who went against the Revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

Radical organization during the Reign of Terror that executed anyone who went against the revolution.

Levée en masse

Mass enlisting in the army during the French Revolution which placed the entire population to the war effort.

October March on Versailles

March led by women during the early age of the French Revolution due to high bread prices which forced the monarchy to relocate to Paris.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against the French. Beliefs of the French Revolution spread to Haiti starting this revolution.

Edmund Burke

Conservative that didn't believe in the French Revolution and believed that it was a bad thing.

Napoleon

French military leader that came to power in 1799

Concordat of 1801

Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that restored the Roman Catholic Church in France but gave the government more control over the church

Joseph Fouché

Ran Napoleon's secret police that silenced opposition

Russian scorched earth policy

Napoleon had a large army when invading Russia that relied on Russian farms and cities they captured to supply their army so the Russians began to burn all the cities when they were retreating

Congress of Vienna

Wanted to restore a balance of power in Europe and promoted conservatism by establishing monarchs such as Louis XVIII in France

Romanticism

Unlike the enlightenment which focused on reason and logic, Romanticism focused on emotion, intuition and individual experience

John Wesley

English cleric who founded Methodism which created a revival movement in the English Church

Methodism

Protestant Christian tradition which focused on personal piety, becoming more holy, and a personal commitment to god and others and had many of the same ideas as Protestants

Industrial Revolution

Technological revolution that started in Britain that created quicker ways to produce goods in factories which led to urbanization and a consumer culture

James Watts

Invented the Steam Engine which allowed factories to be built away from water

The Great Exhibition

Britain hosted this exhibition to showcase their innovations in technology and their industrialization

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russian railway that transported goods and materials between Moscow and the Pacific

Irish Potato Famine

Ireland relied on potatoes as their source of food so when a blight infected the potatoes making it inedible it caused a famine resulting in a lot of death and emigration from Ireland

Manchester, England

Became one of the most industrialized cities in the world since they had deep canals that allowed cargo ships to directly enter the city

Second Industrial Revolution

Focused more on industries such as steel production, chemistry and electricity

Bessemer Process

Steelmaking method that enabled mass production of steel

Steamship

These ships could move faster than standard ships which lead to quicker transportation and more imports

The Zollverein Agreement

An agreement among German states that eliminated taxes on goods imported from one German state to the other

Ten Hours Act of 1847

Restricted kids 13-18 to working up to 10 hours on weekdays and 8 hours on weekends while children under 13 were banned from working entirely