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Heterotrophic
Fungi (feeding)
Chitin and glucans
Fungal cell wall materials (2)
Yeast
Unicellular fungi
Hyphae
Multicellular fungal bodies are composed of elongated cells
Mycelium
The large network of hyphae that grow in a large mass
Chytridiomycota
Flagellated fungi, water molds
Zygomycota
Many species of bread and fruit molds
Glomeromycota
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungo
Ascomycota
Ascomycetes; cup fungi
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycetes; club fungi
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
Which two groups are dikaryotic hyphae?
Chytridiomycota
Produces zoospores
Zygomycota
Conjugating gametangia, leading to the production of zygosporangia and ultimately zygospores
Coenocytic
Zygomycota (septate or coenocytic)
Glomeromycota
Form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations intracellularly within the vast majority of herbaceous plants and tropical trees
Ascomycota
Produce nonmotile spores (ascospores)
Ascocarp
Multicellular reproductive structure (fruiting body)
Ascomycota
Many of these are single celled yeast with no mycelium and no fruiting body
Ascomycota
Most of the fungi that partner with algae or cyanobacteria to form lichen
Basidium
A single celled structure on which basidiospores for by meiosis
Mycorrhizae
Ecological mutualists involving fungi and plant roots
Thallus
A vegetative structure formed by lichen
Foliose, Crustose, and Fruticose
Three growth forms of lichen
Foliose
Two easily distinguishable sides and are obviously three-dimensional
The thallus is clearly connected to the substrate but may appear to separate in multiple locations
Crustose
Two-dimensional and firmly attached to their substrate by the entire lower surface of the thallus. They appear like a crust
Fruticose
Foliose lichens are pendulous or erect and obviously three-dimensional
Archaeplastida
Supergroup that includes red and green algae and the land plants
Rhodophyta
Red algae name
chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins
What is red algae composed of?
Viridiplante
Green algae and land plant name
chlorophyll a and b and store starch inside the cholorplasts
What is green algae and land plants made of?
Phycoerythrin
Photosynthesis pigment that masks the green chlorophyll giving red algae its distinct color
Rhodophyta (Red algae)
Completely lacks flagella and centrioles
Coralline algae
Deposits calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate in their cell wall
Viridiplantae
Expanded “plant” kingdom
Viridiplante
Contain chloroplasts with photosynthesis pigments chlorophyll a and b which results in the green color
Chlorophyta and Embryophyta
Two major lineages of Viridiplante
Green plants
What is Cholorphyta?
Chlorophyta
Flagellated cells
Biflagellated and cup-shared chloroplast
Chlorophyta gametes composition
Embryophyta
What is are land plants?
Embryophyta
Multicellular embryo (a developing plant)
Alternation of generations
The life cycle process of all land plants
Gametophyte
Gamete
Sporophyte
Spore
Haploid
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Are spores haploid or diploid?
Bryophtes
Non-vascular plants
Non-vascular plants
Do not possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Byophytes
All of these produce flagellated sperm
Mosses,liverworts,hornworts
Three lineages of non-vascular plants
Phylum Bryophyta
True Mosses
Mosses
Includes plants that do not have true leaves, true stems or true roots
Protonemata
Growing into many long, thin strands
Gametophore
A protonema eventually forms a bud, out which grows____
Gametophore
The leafy structure that is the most noticeable portion of a moss life cycle
Paraphyes
Thread like structures that extend above the archegonia and antheridia to protect them
monoecious
Capable of growing both archegonia and antheridia on the same gametophore
Dioecious
Having either antheridia or archegonia on one gametophore, but not both
Antheridia
When mature, contain many sperm
Archegonia
When mature, contain an individual egg and a long, narrow neck canal through which sperm swim down to access the egg from the environment
operculum
Protected by a rimmed lid
Phylum Marchantiophyta
Liverworts
Thalloid
Contain a flattened body that is typically 10-30 cells thick
Gametophores
In Liverworts archegonia and antheridia are contained in a stalk like structure called ____
Lycophyta and Monilophyta
Seedless Vascular Plants
Sporophylls
Most ferns and fern allies produce this
Lycophyta
Club Mosses, Spike Mosses and Quillworts
Monilophyta
Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns
Seeds and pollen
What two traits do seed plants have?
Air
How do male gametes move in seed plants?
Pollen grains
Where do male gametes reside in seed plants?
Flowers and no flowers
Two types of seed plants?
Gymnosperms
Naked seed
Gymnosperms
Usually grow seeds in cones, but some produce seeds in fleshy, fruit-like structures
Ginkgophyta, Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta
Four main phyla of non-flowering seed plants
Ginkgophyta (Ginkgos)
Only one extant species left
Ginkgophyta
Ginko biloba (the maidenhair tree)
Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta
Dioecious (Male OR female)
Flowers
Fruits are the product of what?
Gingokophyta
Seeds are covered by a fleshy coat, so are referred to as fruit
Ginkgophyta
Very pungent odor due to butyric acid
Butyric acid
Makes the pungent odor from Ginkgos
Pinophyta
Conifers
Conifers
Pinophyta
Pinophyta
Most speciose of the gmnosperms
Pinophyta
Dominated by trees such as pines, firs, yews, redwoods, and junipers
Pinophyta
Includes the largest, tallest, and oldest species on earth
Pinophyta
Contain woody cones
Pinophyta
Monoecious
Monoecious
Are pinophyta (conifers) monoecious or diecious?
Pinophyta
Cones contain scales surrounding a central axis
Cycadophyta
Palm tree like
Gnetophyta
Contain Ephedra, Welwitschia, and Gnetum
Gnetophytes
Most closely gymnosperm related to angiosperms
Gnetophyta
Gnetae
Gnetae
Another word from Gnetophyta
Gnetophyta
Most species are lianas or vine that climb to the tops of all trees in moist tropical forests
microgametophytes
Microspores grow into small (four-celled) ______
Pollen grains
What are microgametophytes
