Hormone Actions Study Guide

Flashcards matching endocrine glands, target cells/tissues, and biological functions based on the Hormone Actions study guide transcript.

Releasing or Inhibiting hormones (RH & IH)

Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus that target Anterior Pituitary cells to regulate hormone secretion.

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH / somatostatin)

A hormone produced by the Hypothalamus targeting Anterior Pituitary cells that secrete GH, resulting in decreased growth hormone secretion.

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A hypothalamic hormone targeting Anterior Pituitary cells that secrete PRL to decrease prolactin secretion.

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

A hypothalamic hormone targeting Anterior Pituitary cells that secrete PRL to increase prolactin secretion.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A hypothalamic hormone targeting Anterior Pituitary cells that secrete TSH to increase thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A hypothalamic hormone targeting Anterior Pituitary cells that secrete ACTH to increase adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion.

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH (vasopressin)

A hormone formed in the Hypothalamus and released from the Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) that increases water reabsorption, constricts arterioles, and increases BP.

Oxytocin

A hormone formed in the Hypothalamus and released from the Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) targeting mammary glands (breast) and Uterus to stimulate milk letdown and uterine contractions.

Growth Hormone (GH)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone targeting Many Sites / Most Tissues that increases protein synthesis, increases utilization of lipids and carbohydrates, and stimulates growth of muscles and bones.

Prolactin (PRL)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone targeting Ovaries and mammary glands (breast) that promotes milk production and increases the response of follicles to LH and FSH.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH (Thyrotropin)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone targeting the Thyroid Gland to stimulate thyroid hormone secretion.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone targeting the Adrenal Cortex to stimulate glucocorticoid secretion.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone targeting male and female Gonads (testes and ovaries) that promotes development and maturation of ovarian follicles and eggs, and promotes sperm formation in testes.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

An Anterior Pituitary hormone (also known as interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males) targeting ovaries and testes that causes ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries, as well as testosterone synthesis/secretion and support for sperm cell production.

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Hormones $T_3$ (triiodothyronine) and $T_4$ (thyroxine) secreted by the Thyroid targeting Many cells to increase metabolic rate.

Calcitonin

A Thyroid hormone targeting Bone that stimulates osteoblasts (bone deposition) and inhibits osteoclasts, resulting in a decrease in blood Ca and phosphate.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH / parathormone)

A Parathyroid hormone targeting Bone and Kidney that promotes reabsorption of bone tissue by osteoclasts, stimulates Ca absorption, and promotes phosphorus excretion at the kidney.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by Pancreas Islet cells (beta cells) targeting Liver, Muscle, and Fat that decreases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by Pancreas Islet cells (alpha cells) targeting the Liver that increases blood glucose and increases the breakdown of glycogen.

Pancreatic Somatostatin (GH-RIH)

A hormone produced by Pancreas Islet cells (delta cells) and Hypothalamus targeting alpha and beta cells of the Pancreas to inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon, and inhibit secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary.

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone)

Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex targeting the Kidney that increase water absorption (decreasing urine output), increase $Na^+$ reabsorption, and increase $K^+$ and $H^+$ excretion.

Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex targeting Most Tissues (Liver, muscle, Fat) that decrease protein synthesis, release fatty acids from adipose, increase glucose production, inhibit immune response, and decrease inflammation.

Adrenal Androgens (e.g. Testosterone)

Small quantities of male hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex targeting Many tissues; plays a minor role in males because testes secrete significantly higher quantities.

Adrenal Androgens (e.g. Estrogen)

Small quantities of female hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex targeting Many tissues; responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics, maintaining adult libido, and acting as the only source of estrogen after menopause.

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Hormones secreted primarily by the Adrenal Medulla targeting Many Tissues to provide Sympathetic stimulation, increase heart rate and respiration, elevate BP, and increase blood glucose.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the Kidney targeting Bone Marrow to stimulate RBC formation.

Thymosin

A hormone produced by the Thymus targeting Immune Tissues to promote the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.

Melatonin

A hormone produced by the Pineal Body targeting the Hypothalamus that may help regulate sleep-wake cycles and inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Inhibin

A hormone produced by the Ovaries and Testes targeting the Anterior Pituitary to inhibit FSH secretion.

Testosterone

A hormone produced by the Testes targeting Most Cells that stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics, maintains male sex organs and sexual behavior, and supports spermatogenesis.

Ovarian Estrogen

A hormone secreted by the Ovaries targeting Most Cells that stimulates uterine & mammary gland development & function, stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics, and helps regulate sexual behavior & menstrual cycle.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the Ovaries targeting Uterus, Breasts, and CNS; important for proper development and function, inhibits ovulation, and maintains the uterine lining if pregnancy occurs.

Placental Hormones (e.g. HCG, estrogens, progesterone)

Hormones produced by the Placenta targeting the Corpus luteum of Ovaries that maintain the corpus luteum and increase the rate of progesterone secretion during the first trimester.