Chapter 5: Nervous, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems

Synovial joints

Joint with fluid-filled capsule

Nonaxial

Gliding joint that moves in one plane, back and forth or side to side

Depressions

Flattened or indentated portions of bone

Processes

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

Osteoblasts

Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

Osteokinematics

Visible movement, bone movement

Arthokinematics

Movement at a joint; three major types are roll, slide, and spin

Axial Skeleton

Skull, rib-cage, and vertebral column; approximately 80 bones

Appendicular Skeleton

Arms, legs, and pelvic girdle; encompasses approximately 126 bones

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Needed to create energy for the process of muscle contraction and the sliding filament theory

Type I Muscle Fibers

Slow-twitch, smaller, produce less force, and more resistant to fatigue

Type II Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch, larger, produce more force, and fatigue quickly

Sliding Filament Theory

Series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin and actin filaments slide past one another, shortening the length of the entire sarcomere

Fascicles

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by perimysium

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

Sarcomere

Structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

Actin

The thin filament that acts with myosin to produce muscle contraction

Myosin

The thick filament that acts with actin to produce muscle contraction

Tendons

Connect muscles to bones; when overstretched or torn, results in strain ex: Achilles (ankle) & Patellar

Ligaments

Connect bones to bones; when overstretched or torn, results in strain Ex: Anterior Cruciate of Knee (ACL)

Fascia

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

Epimysium

covers the entire skeletal muscle, also known as deep fascia

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascile

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers. (myofybrils)

Three Types of Muscles

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Steps in the muscle contraction process involving the nervous and muscular systems

All-or-Nothing Principle

Describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all

Myofibrils

Contractile components of a muscle cell

Proprioception

The body's ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

Mechanoreceptors

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves

Stages of Motor Skill Development

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Division of the nervous system that includes somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Connects the rest of the body to the CNS

Neuron

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system:

Neuron 3 Components

cell body, dendrites, axons

Cognitive Stage

use simple instructions & break down skills into smaller steps so client can understand the goals of movement.

Associative Stage

refinement of movement pattern through practice & regular feedback

Autonomous Stage

Well coordinated and appears effortless

Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

somatic and autonomic

Somatic Nervous System

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles & voluntary control of movement

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Runs involuntary processes of the body.

Remodeling

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Divisions of the Skeletal System

axial and appendicular

Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine & electrolyte calcium

involved in the excitation-contraction coupling process

Nonsynovial joints

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

Myofilaments

components of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin or actin

Muscle Spindles

receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

1. Fascia
2. Epimysium
3. Muscle Bundle
4. Perimysium
5. Fasciles
6. Endomysium
7. Muscle Fibers
8. Myofybrils
9. Sarcomeres
10.Myofilaments

layers of skeletal muscle

Electrolytes of the Nervous System

sodium, potassium, magnesium, water

Proprioception

The ability to tell the general orientation of one's body & where it is in space.

Types of Sensory Receptors

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, Nociceptors

Skeletal Muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

6 types of synovial joints

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

the division of the autonomic nervous system that increases neural activity & puts the body in a heightened state (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, decreases neural activity, conserving its energy

Afferent pathway (sensory neuron)

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Efferent Pathway

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Human Movement System

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

How many bones used in voluntary movement

177

How many bones in skeletal system

206 bones

Nervous System

the network of nerve cells and fibers that provides sensory & motor information for the body.

Muscular System

Links to nervous to skeletal system. Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint. Generates force to move the human body

Connective Tissue

Allows force to transfer from muscle contraction to bone to create motion.

connective tissue

Complex structure with different layers that come together at the ends of muscle fibers to form tendons.

Calcium

stimulates actin & myosin activity, associated with bone health, but why is it also important for muscular function

neurotransmitters

the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

intervertebral discs

act as shock absorbers

mitochondria

part of a cell is responsible for using nutrients to create energy for the cell

motor function

A person walks differently when they move from a sidewalk onto the sand. This is regulated by what function

connective tissue

allows muscle groups to work together