Anatomy + Physiology Exam 4

Which one is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

• Protects the central nervous system from blows and other trauma.

• It gives buoyancy to structures of the central nervous system and prevents brain from crushing under its own weight. 

• Noursishes brain and carries chemical signals. 

• Insulated neurons for more efficient conduction of electrical signals

insulated neurons for more efficient conduction of electrical signals

send information out of the brain

projection tracts

connect areas in the same cerebral hemisphere

association tracts

connect areas in opposite cerebral hemispheres

commisural tracts

all bipolar neurons are

sensory neurons

which of the following best describes how action potentials are triggered?

Summation of graded potentials depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron reaching the threshold of voltage at which an action potential will be produced. 

how many different lobes make up the cerebrum

5

The synapse between two neurons always occurs between the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell. 

T/F

false

the voltage of the resting membrane potential is

-70mV

Absorption of this ion is necessesary for the presynaptic cells to release a neurotransmitter. 

calcium

Which one of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

it produces blood cells

An injury to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum will most likely affect _____________________

vision

Which two parts of a neuron are on opposite ends of it?

dendrites and axon terminals

Neurotransmitters bind to voltage-gate ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron. 

false

Which structure listed below is not part of the brainstem?

Thalamus

What is a function of ependymal cells?

assist in the synthesis and movement of cerebrospinal fluid

what are the main ion channels that open up when a neuron is depolarizing?

sodium

the sensory homunculus is

a map of where the sensory information from the different parts of your body is sent to in the brain. 

Place the items of the nervous system in the correct order for the pathway of a signal when a stimulus is received and a responseto it is produced. 

receptor

sensory neuron

interneuron

motor neuron

effector

Which of the following is a neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

schwann cells

The nucleus of a neuron is located inside the _______________

cell body (soma)

in which parietal lobe are the gustatory and olfactory cortexes located?

which of these structures divides your brain into left and right hemispheres

which of the following is not a mechanism for removing the excess of a neurotransmitter in a synpase?

Some neurotransmitters undergo reuptake by the presynaptic neuron.

Some neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse.
Some neurotransmitters can be inactivated by binding to each other.
Some neurotransmitters diffuse away from the synaptic cleft and are taken up by astrocytes.

Some neurotransmitters can be inactivated by binding to each other.

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a metaboctropic receptor?

fast response

which of the following is not a neuroglia?

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

neurons

microglia

schwann cells

neurons

which of the listed is a function of basal nuclei in the brain?

supressing unwanted movements

This area of the cerebral cortex is the most important when it comes to higher cognitive functions (such as organizing thoughts and problem solving).

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following neuroglia maintains the blood-brain barrier?

astrocytes

Which one of these areas of the brain regulates fear and rage responses?

amygdala

put the meninges in order from outermost to innermost

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

the nervous system helps maintain

homeostasis within the body

the nervous system works with what other system to maintain homeostasis

endocrine system

the nervous system is known as the

control center

responsible for all our behaviors, sensations, perceptions, memories, movements

nervous system

the nervous system coordinates

body functions allowing animals to interact with the environment

the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system is called

neurology

what is the “stimuli pathway”

stimulus

receptor

sensory neuron

interneuron

motor neuron

effector

response

where can the interneurons be

in your brain or the spinal cord

the interneurons for reflexes, twitches are where

in the spinal cord

the stimulus goes in what kind of neuron

sensory neuron in the spinal cord

the response goes in what kind of neuron

motor neuron comes out of the brain

sensory afferent pathway

from PNS to CNS

motor efferents pathway

cns to pns

somatic motor efferents go where

voluntary muscles

autonomic motor effernts go to

involuntary muscles

main divisions of the nervous system

CNS and PNS

branches of the PNS

sensory (afferent) division

motor (efferent) division

branches of the Motor division

somatic and autonomic (ANS)

branches of the ANS

sympathetic and parasympathetic

parts of the CNS

brain and spinal cord

integrative and control centers

communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

peripheral nervous system

parts of the PNS

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

parts of teh sensory division

somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers

conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

sensory (afferent) divisions

parts of the motor (efferent) division

motor nerve fibers

conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

motor (efferent) division

parts of the somatic nervous system

somatic (voluntary) motor nerve fibers

conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

somatic nervous system

parts of the ANS

visceral (voluntary) motor nerve fibers

conducts impulses as from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

ANS

mobilizes body systems during activity

sympathetic division

conserves energy

promotes house-keeping functions during rest

parasympathetic division

cells of the nervous system

neuroglia and neurons

c

cells of the CNS

ependymal cells

oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

microglia

peripheral nervous system cells

satellite cells

schwann cells

the supporting cells of the nervous tissue

neuroglia (glia)

what do the neuroglia do?

nourish, support, and protect the neurons

maintain the interstitial fluid

neuroglia

what can neuroglia undergo?

mitosis

the communication cells of nervous tissue

neurons

what do the neurons do?

they use electrical signals to send messages

functions of the neuron can be

sensory, motor, or integrative

what do the neurons require?

a lot of ATP to function

neuroglia of the CNS

astrocytes

microglia

ependymal cells

oligodendrocytes

are the most numerous neuroglial cells

astrocytes

what do astrocytes maintain?

the BBB (blood brain barrier)

ion concentrations of interstitial fluid

are the immune cells of nervous tissue

microglia

specialized macrophages that present antigens to the immune system

microglia

what process to microglia carry out?

phagocytosis (eat the bad things)

assist in the synthesis and movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

ependymal cells

what do ependymal cells line?

the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

what do oligodendrocytes do?

myelinates multiple axons (white matter)

what does myelin do?

increase the speed that messages can travel

neuroglia of the PNS

satellite cells

schwann cells

satellite cells are like the

astrocytes of the PNS

the satellite cells work

for one neuron only

what do the satellite cells regulate?

the ions in the interstitial fluid

exchanges with capillaries

the satellite cells are

around cell body

build the myelin sheaths around a single axon segment in the PNS

schwann cells

the schwann cells are THE

myeline sheath wrapping around the axon

the cell body (soma) of a neuron contains

its major organelles (gray matter)

the cell body is the ___ matter

gray

all of the other parts of the neuron (not the body) are involved in

signaling

location where messages are received

dendrites

location where messages are coordinated

axon hillock

location where messages travel

axon

location where messages are passed along to another cell

axon terminal

anything without myelin is

gray matter

parts of the neuron (signal travel pathway)

input

integration

conduction

output