Human Anatomy: Skeletal System, Fractures, and Articulations

A comprehensive collection of 100 fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering human osseous tissue, axial and appendicular skeletal anatomy, bone fracture types, stages of bone repair, and joint articulations and movements.

Bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue together form the __________ system.

skeletal

Red marrow within bones produces blood cells through a process known as __________.

hematopoiesis

Yellow marrow stored within bones functions primarily to store __________.

fat

Bones that have a greater length than width are classified as __________ bones.

long

The patella is an example of a __________ bone because it is shaped like a sesame seed.

sesamoid

The shaft or long main portion of a long bone is called the __________.

diaphysis

The region in a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal line is the __________.

metaphysis

The fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone is called the __________.

endosteum

Bone extracellular matrix includes hydroxyapatite crystals made primarily of __________ phosphate salt crystals.

calcium

Collagen fibers in bone extracellular matrix provide the property of flexibility and __________ strength.

tensile

Bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix are called __________.

osteoblasts

Large bone-destroying cells responsible for bone resorption are called __________.

osteoclasts

The structural repeating units aligned in the same direction in compact bone are called __________ or haversian systems.

osteons

Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes are called __________.

lacunae

Tiny canals radiating in all directions from lacunae that connect to central canals are called __________.

canaliculi

In spongy bone, lamellae are arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called __________.

trabeculae

Transverse canals through which blood vessels and nerves penetrate compact bone from the periosteum are called __________ canals.

perforating

Bone formation directly within sheet-like mesenchyme layers is called __________ ossification.

intramembranous

Bone formation where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone is called __________ ossification.

endochondral

According to __________ Law of Bone Remodeling, bones remodel and adapt based on the mechanical demands placed upon them.

Wolff's

Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating __________.

osteoclasts

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting __________ activity.

osteoclast

A condition where bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, making bones porous and weak, is __________.

osteoporosis

The adult human skeleton consists of __________ bones.

206

The two main divisions of the human skeleton are the axial skeleton and the __________ skeleton.

appendicular

A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass is called a __________.

fissure

A tube-like opening or passageway in a bone is called a __________.

meatus

A large, round protuberance at the end of a bone that forms a joint is called a __________.

condyle

A sharp, slender projection on a bone is classified as a __________ process.

spinous

The skull consists of 22 bones divided into 8 cranial bones and __________ facial bones.

14

The coronal suture joins the frontal bone with the two __________ bones.

parietal

The mandibular fossa and external auditory meatus are major surface markings on the __________ bone.

temporal

The depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland is the sella turcica, which contains the __________ fossa.

hypophyseal

The superior portion of the ethmoid bone that projects upward and serves as an attachment point for brain membranes is the __________ galli.

crista

The olfactory foramina are located in the __________ plate of the ethmoid bone.

cribriform

The two bones highlighted in this anterior view that unite medially to form the bridge of the nose are the __________ bones.

nasal

The maxillae articulate with every facial bone except the __________.

mandible

The palatine process of the maxilla forms the anterior portion of the hard __________.

palate

The process of the zygomatic bone that projects posteriorly to meet the temporal bone is the __________ process.

temporal

The smallest bones of the face are the __________ bones, which contain a groove for tear drainage.

lacrimal

The inferior vertical portion of the nasal septum shown in pink here is formed by the __________ bone.

vomer

The lower jawbone that forms the only freely movable joint in the skull is the __________.

mandible

Paranasal sinuses are found in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and __________ bones.

maxillary

Mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in an infant skull, such as the anterior one shown here, are called __________.

fontanels

The bone depicted below is unique because it does not __________ with any other bone.

articulate

The vertebral column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and __________ lumbar vertebrae.

5

Fibrocartilage structures situated between adjacent vertebral bodies to absorb shock are __________ discs.

intervertebral

The first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the __________.

atlas

The second cervical vertebra (C2), shown below, possesses a peg-like process projecting superiorly called the __________.

dens

Cervical vertebrae can be uniquely identified by the presence of a __________ foramen in each transverse process.

transverse

Thoracic vertebrae are distinct because their bodies and transverse processes have facets or demifacets for articulation with __________.

ribs

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of __________ sacral vertebrae.

5

The sternum shown below consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the __________ process.

xiphoid

Rib pairs 1 through 7 connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilages and are called __________ ribs.

true

Rib pairs 11 and 12 lack anterior attachment to the sternum and are called __________ ribs.

floating

The pectoral girdle is composed of the clavicle and the __________.

scapula

The medial end of the clavicle shown articulating with the manubrium is called the __________ end.

sternal

The shallow depression on the lateral surface of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus is the __________ cavity.

glenoid

The longest and largest bone of the upper limb is the __________.

humerus

The rounded knob on the distal lateral end of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius is the __________.

capitulum

The spool-shaped surface on the distal medial end of the humerus that articulates with the ulna is the __________.

trochlea

In the anatomical position, the bone located on the medial side of the forearm is the __________.

ulna

The prominent structure located at the proximal end of the ulna shown in this lateral view is the __________.

olecranon

The fibrous tissue that connects the shafts of the radius and ulna is the __________ membrane.

interosseous

The wrist contains __________ individual carpal bones.

8

The pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones, each formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and __________.

pubis

The deep socket on the lateral surface of the coxal bone that receives the head of the femur is the __________.

acetabulum

The largest opening in the skeleton, formed by the ischium and pubis, is the __________ foramen.

obturator

In female pelves, as compared in the diagram below, the pubic arch is characterized by an angle greater than __________ degrees.

90

The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body is the __________.

femur

The small central depression on the head of the femur shown in this medial view is the __________ capitis.

fovea

The patella is enclosed superiorly within the tendon of the __________ femoris muscle group.

quadriceps

The shin bone, which is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg shown here, is the __________.

tibia

The lateral malleolus is a prominence located at the distal end of the __________.

fibula

The largest and strongest tarsal bone shown highlighted in the heel of the foot is the __________.

calcaneus

The only tarsal bone that articulates directly with the tibia and fibula is the __________.

talus

A fracture in which the bone breaks transversely at a right angle across the long axis is a __________ fracture.

transverse

A fracture in which the broken ends of the bone wrap around the bone shaft due to twisting is a __________ fracture.

spiral

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or shattered into multiple pieces is a __________ fracture.

comminuted

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone breaks while the other side bends, common in children, is a __________ fracture.

greenstick

An open fracture, as pictured in the clinical case below, is also called a __________ fracture because bone pierces the skin.

compound

A fracture commonly observed in osteoporosis where a vertebra collapses under pressure is a __________ fracture.

compression

As shown in stage 1 of bone healing below, the initial mass of clotted blood that forms at the fracture site is a __________.

hematoma

During the second stage of bone healing, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoblasts to form a soft __________ callus.

fibrocartilaginous

The third stage of bone healing, where soft callus transforms into hard woven bone, is called __________ callus formation.

bony

The final stage of fracture repair in which woven bone is reshaped into mature structure is bone __________.

remodeling

An articulation held together by dense connective tissue that lacks a synovial cavity is classified structurally as a __________ joint.

fibrous

Articulations held together by cartilage with no synovial cavity are classified structurally as __________ joints.

cartilaginous

Functionally, an immovable joint such as a skull suture is classified as a __________.

synarthrosis

Functionally, a slightly movable joint such as a pubic symphysis is classified as an __________.

amphiarthrosis

Freely movable joints containing a fluid-filled cavity are functionally classified as __________.

diarthroses

The inner layer of an articular capsule that secretes viscous synovial fluid is the __________ membrane.

synovial

Sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid shown above the supraspinatus tendon in this section of the shoulder are called __________.

bursae

Fibrocartilage pads situated between the articular surfaces of the knee joint that absorb shock and stabilize the joint are __________.

menisci

An angular movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones is __________.

flexion

Extension beyond the anatomical position is referred to as __________.

hyperextension

Movement of a bone away from the midline of the body is called __________.

abduction

The movement illustrated below where a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis toward or away from the midline is ___________.

rotation

The pivot joint shown below allows rotational movement between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the __________.

ulna

A painful form of inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal accumulation, shown here affecting the big toe, is __________ arthritis.

gouty