Psychology of Women exam 1 study guide FAU

_______________ is the term for beliefs in which women should be put on a pedestal and be protected.

Benevolent sexism

Give examples of bias in interpreting the results of research.

Interpreting the results in a way that suggests female weakness, generalizing results from one group to other groups, and assuming that the presence of gender differences implies a biological cause.

The term for male-centeredness is _____________.

Androcentrism

"Feminist" can be defined as __________________.

A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of all people, regardless of gender.

A person who is cisgender ____________.

Has a gender identity that matches the gender they were assigned at birth.

The _________ is a system of conceptualizing gender as having two distinct and opposing groups or kinds, male and female.

Gender binary

The basic position of "social constructionism" is ____________.

That people actively construct meanings for events in the environment based on their own experiences, and in doing so create their own "reality."

A research study that compares two or more groups of participants on their response to a treatment without randomly assigning the participants to the treatment conditions is considered ____________.

A quasi-experimental design

A researcher finds that women interrupt men fewer times than men interrupt women in mixed-gender groups. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women lack assertiveness. This is an example of _________.

A female deficit interpretation

The term "gender" refers to _____________.

The state of being male, female, both male and female, or neither male or female.

Feminist are critical of Freud's assumption that ____________.

The penis is superior to the clitoris or vagina.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the child's gender-role learning is _______________.

Self-motivated

According to sociobiologists, a female using one of her eggs and using her body to gestate her young is an example of _____________.

Parental investment

__________ feminists point out the extent to which the capitalist system benefits from oppressing women in ways such as wage discrimination.

Socialist

According to Freud, the major differences between males and females originate in the ______________.

Phallic stage

In response to Freud's views, Karen Horney argued that ___________.

Men envy women, particularly women's reproductive potential.

Self-efficacy beliefs are important in gender development according to ______________.

Cognitive social learning theory

According to Bem, the gender schema ______________.

Is closely linked to the self-concept

The personal is political. This most likely would have been said by a _______________.

Feminist

The term for an approach that simultaneously considers multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage is __________.

Intersectionality

According to the two dimensional view of M F, _______________________________.

Masculinity and femininity are two separate dimensions, it is possible to be androgynous, and masculinity and femininity are not opposites.

Comprehension goals and self-enhancement goals _______________.

Are reasons why people stereotype.

Researchers have studied implicit gender stereotypes, specifically looking at the stereotypes that men are better at science than women. One implication of this implicit gender stereotype is that _____________.

Girls are discouraged from taking science classes.

In one experiment, deindividuation was used to study the influence of gender roles on gender differences in aggressive behavior. The results showed that there were no significant gender differences in aggression in the _____________.

Deindividuation condition

Based on the research regarding self-esteem in general and domain-specific confidence, we can infer that _______________.

Girls have lower self-esteem than boys in general, but have higher confidence in certain domain-specific areas.

Someone who has a low score on both femininity and masculinity on the Bem Sex-role inventory would be considered _______________.

Undifferentiated

Gender-role stereotypes are defined as _____________________.

A set of shared cultural beliefs about males' and females' behavior, personality traits, and so on.

In regards to a meta-analysis, a d value of 0.80 indicates a __________ difference with _______ having more of the measured quality.

Large; males

According to research on stereotype threat, Latinas' ____________.

Math performance is doubly hurt in the threat condition.

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in aggression, ______________________.

Gender differences were larger for physical aggression.

The term Latino ______________.

Is an example of the male as normative in language.

Biologists define race as ____________.

A group of people with a common set of physical features who have mated only within their group.

The term for a group of people who share a common culture and language is ______________.

Ethnic group

"The tendency to regard one's own ethnic group as the center of everything and to evaluate other groups in reference to it" is a definition of _______________________.

Ethnocentrism

The process of psychological change that one undergoes as a result of long-term contact with another culture is termed ____________________.

Acculturation

Some Blacks in the U.S. today are descendants of slaves, whereas others are voluntary immigrants from the Caribbean or Africa. This is an example of _________________.

Subcultural variations

A fundamental problem in research on differences between African Americans and whites is _____________________.

Confounding of ethnicity and social class.

According to one theory, because there are fewer black men than black women, ______________________.

Black men hold the balance of power in an emotional relationship.

Voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by the government, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity in education and employment for all is a definition of ________________.

Affirmative action

Which theory argues that the oppression of women of color results from intersecting systems of race, gender, and class oppression?

Multicultural feminist theory

According to linguist Deborah Tannen, __________________.

Men's and women's speech patterns are so different, it's as though they are from different cultures.

"This is an adorable puppy, isn't it?" this sentence ________________.

Is an example of a tag question, and this type of speech is used more often by women.

According to research on patterns of interrupting, _____________________.

Interruptions may be expressions of agreement or support, which gender interrupts more depends on the context, and interruptions may be expressions of dominance.

In studies of electronic talk, __________________________.

Women use more hedges and intensifiers when the topic is gender stereotyped.

Gender differences in patterns of nonverbal communication have been documented in ____________________.

Interpersonal distance and smiling

Research on visual dominance indicates that ________________.

When a higher status person is speaking to a lower status person, both look at each other.

The title of a television series about the rise of human civilization was entitled, "The Ascent of Man." This title is an example of _______________.

Sexist language that illustrates the male as normative in language.

A good example of parallel words for males and females that have considerably different connotations is ______________________.

Master and mistress

Use of terms such as "girl" or "baby" to refer to women is an example of _________________.

A euphemism that also infantilizes women.

In Hyde's research on children's responses to the gender neutral occupation, "wudgemaker," the results indicated that _____________.

Women were rated as significantly more competent at being wudgemakers when the wudgemaker was referred to as "she," compared with referring to the wudgemaker as "he."

___________ is the state of being male or female based on the meanings that societies and individuals give to female and male categories.

Gender

____________ is the classification of individuals as female or male based on their genetic makeup, anatomy, and reproductive functions.

Sex

______________ emphasizes objectivity and control; uses quantitative measures; compares participant responses to others or a standard.

Quantitative analyses

______________ emphasizes subjective procedures; focuses on women's accounts of their own experience; attempts to capture each participant's unique perspective.

Qualitative analyses

_____________ discrimination or bias against people based on their gender, sometimes also called sex bias.

Sexism

_______________ is subtle prejudiced beliefs about women (neosexism).

Modern sexism

_______________ is negative, hostile attitudes towards women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations in which women are thought to spend most of their time trying to control men, through sexuality or feminism.

Hostile sexism

_______________ is beliefs about women that seen to the perpetrator to be kind or benevolent - in which women are honored and put on the proverbial pedestal.

Benevolent sexism

_______________ is an idea constructed before any applicable research has been done.

Hypothesis

_____________ supported by evidence, it's a principle formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data.

Theory

_________________ is when participant's behavior is observed in naturalistic settings, with no manipulation.

Naturalistic observation

________________ is when information is extracted from archival records (books, newspapers, films, etc).

Archival analysis

_______________ are item-response data is collected from participants.

Surveys

______________ are when participant's behavior is manipulated in some way, typically in a laboratory setting.

Experiments

____________________ is an experimental design that uses two or more groups, but participants are not randomly assigned or manipulated.

Quasi-experiments

Where and how can biases be introduced into the various stages of research design?

When selecting research participants & when selecting the measurements.

____________________ is interpreting findings in a way that suggests female weakness or inferiority.

Female deficit interpretation

__________________ is when some characteristics of the experimenter affect the way participants behave, thus affecting the research outcome.

Experimenter effects

_____________ is when expectations affect observations and recording of the data.

Observer effects

______________ is the focus or concern with the phallus or penis as a symbol of male dominance.

Phallocentrism

_____________ is the model in which the male is seen as the norm for all humans; the female is seen as a deviation from the norm.

Male-as-normative

_______________ is the belief that women are the source of evil or immortality in the world.

Feminine evil

____________ is the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

Feminism

_______________ is denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their birth sex.

Cisgender

__________________ is the social system or cultural belief that gender is binary and that the aspects of one's gender are inherently linked to the sex in which they were assigned at birth.

Genderism

_________________ a psychological theory originated by Freud; it's basic assumption is that part of the human psyche is unconscious.

Psychoanalytic theory

Stage 1 of Freud's psychosexual development

Oral stage: infant derives pleasure from sucking & eating; experiences world through mouth.

Stage 2 of Freud's psychosexual development

Anal: toddler derives pleasure from defecating.

Stage 3 of Freud's psychosexual development

Phallic: ages 3-6, pleasure zone is the genitals; sexual feelings arise toward the parent of the other gender.

__________________ is the complexes of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of 4, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex, and wish to exclude the parent of the same sex.

Oedipal/Electra complex

________ is the process by which the fittest survive, reproduce, and pass their genes onto the next generation.

Natural selection

______________ humans' complex psychological mechanisms are the result of evolution based on natural selection.

Evolutionary psychology

______________ behaviors or other investments in the offspring by the parent that increase the offspring's chance of survival.

Parental investment theory

___________ is the process by which members of one gender (usually male) compete with each other for mating privileges with members of the other gender (usually females), and members of the other gender (females) choose to mate only with certain preferred members of the first gender (males).

Sexual selection

________________ the theory that women and men have different short- and long-term mating strategies. Male goal: to inseminate many women; invest in short-term mating with younger women at peak fertility. Female goal: parental investment; seek long-term relationships to ensure a man's commitment to provide for family, preferring men with resources.

Sexual strategies theory

Key components of social learning theory:

reinforcement, imitation, and observational learning

_______________ is a method of learning that occurs through reward and punishments for behavior, the individual makes associations between a particular behavior and a consequence.

Operant conditioning

_____________ the theory that individual's knowledge that she/he is a female or male; develops around 18-24 months.

Kohlberg's theory of gender identity

____________ is the theory that the child's understanding that gender is a permanent unchanging characteristic of self.

Kohlberg's theory of gender constancy.

_______________ is an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage.

Intersectionality

_____________ belief that women should have the opportunities and rights equal to those of men.

Liberal feminism

_______________ belief that women have special qualities that should be celebrated, not devalued.

Cultural feminism

______________ belief that oppression of women is just one instance of oppression based on class, rooted in capitalism.

Marxist feminism (socialist feminism)

____________ belief that oppression of women is based on the notion that feminine characteristics are inferior to masculine characteristics or androgyny.

Radical feminism

______________ questions rationality and objectivity as methods of getting at truth; social contructionist epistemology of sex differences - focus is more on academic movement to reform thought and less on social action.

Postmodern feminism

_____________ belief that class oppression, sexism, and racism are inextricably bound.

Women of color feminism

_______________ links women's oppression to humans' domination of nature.

Ecofeminism

First wave of feminism

(late 1800s-early 1900s) women's right to vote

Second wave of feminism

(1960s-1990s) sexual freedom, reproductive rights, equal opportunity in education, domestic violence, sexual violence.

Third wave of feminism

(1990s-present) aims to rectify shortcomings of second wave, aimed at academic movement to reform thought and research.