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Glacial ice exhibits ____________ behavior near the top, but ____________ behavior beneath a depth of 60 m.

Brittle; ductile

Ductile; brittle

Solid; liquid

Plastic; elastic

Brittle; ductile

What are the two general locations that meet all 3 criteria for glacier formation?

Valleys and trenches

High latitudes and high altitudes

Low pressure and low temperature environments

Equatorial region and the poles

High latitudes and high altitudes

Because glaciers are made of smooth ice, they easily glide over any surface and are not very effective at eroding the substrate?

True

False

False

What are the two mechanisms by which glaciers move?

Suspension and Saltation

Plastic elongation and elastic compression

Ridge push and slab pull

Correct! Basal sliding and internal flow

Basal sliding and internal flow

What are the two types of glaciers?

Alpine and Continental

Flowing and Stagnant

Ice slides and ice shelves

Mature and immature

Alpine and Continental

Even when a glacier is in retreat, it is still moving downhill?

True

False

True

Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are characterized by _______________ and are referred to as ______________.

An absence of sorting; till

Uniformly coarse grain size; firm

Uniformly fine grain size; loess

Graded bedding; outwash

An absence of sorting; till

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a glacier?

They are metamorphic rocks

They are large masses of ice on land that display evidence of being in or having been in motion

They cover ~35% of the land surface

They are made of the mineral ice

They are capable of eroding, transporting, and depositing enormous amounts of material

They cover ~35% of the land surface

Stratified, sorted sand and gravel are deposited by ____________.

Mountain glaciers

Continental glaciers

Glacial outwash streams

Wind

Glacial outwash streams

Melting, calving, and sublimination are all forms of?

Accumulation

Subsidence

Avalanches

Ablation

Ablation

Which of the following is NOT a criteria that must be met in order to form a glacier?

Must be cold enough locally so that winter snow does not completely melt away in the summer

Slope must be gentle enough to prevent avalanches and protect the snow from the wind

Need enough snow fall for a large amount to accumulate

Must have undergone contact metamorphism

Must have undergone contact metamorphism

Glaciers and sea ice are two different things?

True

False

True

Today, continental glaciers are limited to ____________ and ____________.

Alaska and Russia

Canada and Iceland

North Pole and Siberia

Antarctica and Greenland

Antarctica and Greenland

Fill in the available lines below with a

>,

What shape will glacial valleys (sometimes called glacial troughs) generally display in cross-section?

V

U

W

Y

U

A ________ is a small, circular lake that may occupy a cirque.

pater noster lake

tarn

horn

arête

col

moraine

tarn

Which part of a glacier is responsible for abrasion and plucking?

Basal sliding zone

Glacial interior

Terminus

Crevasses

Basal sliding zone

________ is poorly sorted, unstratified, sediment directly deposited by the glacial ice.

loess

outwash

till

stratified drift

till

Which moraine marks the farthest extent of glacial ice?

Lateral moraine

Medial moraine

Recessional moraine

Terminal moraine

Terminal moraine

What bodies of water are formed when a stagnant block of glacial ice becomes partly or completely buried in glacial sediments, eventually melting?

Tarns

Pater noster lakes

Braided streams

Kettle lakes

Kettle lakes

How does isostatic rebound affect a glacial landscape?

A depressed crust will rise after glacial retreat

Advancing glaciers will erode bedrock, which will allow rock to spring up

Meltwater streams deposit sediment, severely depressing the landscape

Weight of water forces the crust downward

A depressed crust will rise after glacial retreat

Which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch Cycles?

Precession (wobble)

Obliquity

Eccentricity

Isostasy

Isostasy

The only continental ice sheets left on Earth today are in Greenland and Antarctica.

True

False

True

Glaciers form in areas where more snow falls in the winter than is lost in the summer.

True

False

True

When a glacier is in retreat, the ice can flow from the Zone of Ablation to the Zone of Accumulation.

True

False

False

Most glaciers today are in a state of retreat.

True

False

True

Sea level will rise during a glaciation because glaciers are pushing down on the crust, which will deform the ocean basins.

True

False

False

A desert is defined as a region that is:

So hot, it gets no rain, and exclusively supports life under the surface

So isolated, it contains no stable flora or fauna

So arid, it contains no permanent streams and supports plant life on no more than 15% of its surface

So dominated by particulate matter, the air quality index is very unhealthy or hazardous > 75% of the year

So arid, it contains no permanent streams and supports plant life on no more than 15% of its surface

As compared to humid climates, rates of chemical weathering in deserts are ____________.

Much faster

Much slower

Very similar

Much slower

The distribution of deserts around the world through geologic time reflects the process of plate tectonics.

True

False

True

Polar deserts form from?

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Interactions with cold ocean currents

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met in order for a desert to form:

Thick cloud cover

Strong winds

Sparse vegetation

Small, loose, dry particles

Thick cloud cover

Wind and water are both major physical erosive forces in the desert.

True

False

True

The desert is such an extreme environment, no life can be sustained within it.

True

False

False

Rain Shadow deserts form from?

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Interactions with cold ocean currents

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Coastal deserts form from?

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Interactions with cold ocean currents

Interactions with cold ocean currents

Most hot deserts ____________.

Retain their high temperatures throughout the night, because there is no vegetation to absorb heat from the sediment at the surface

Cool off greatly at night, because of sparse vegetation and little cloud cover

Cool off slightly at night, by no more than 10°C

Cool off greatly at night, because of sparse vegetation and little cloud cover

Drywash = Dry, steep sided, stream channel with polished walls, created by dried up flash floods in which sand laden water polished the walls and created grooves.

True

False

True

Desert landscapes include all of the following except?

Talus Aprons and Alluvial Fans

Playas and Salt Lakes

Dunes

Karst Topography

Desert Pavements

Rocky Cliffs and Mesas

Natural Arches and Pediments

Karst Topography

Deserts in the continental interior form from?

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Interactions with cold ocean currents

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The definition of "desert" depends on a region's aridity, not its temperature.

True

False

True

Subtropical deserts form from?

Loss of moisture in a coastal air mass prior to reaching the landward side of a mountain range

Receiving air that has lost most moisture from traveling long distances over land

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at high latitudes

Interactions with cold ocean currents

The pattern of convection cells in the atmosphere at low latitudes

Most deserts receive less than __________ cm of annual precipitation.

10

15

20

25

25

Deserts are often located in all of the following regions except __________.

along the equator

along the lee side of mountain ranges

at 30 degrees north or south

along coastlines with a cold current running along the coast.

along the equator

A geologic feature formed from coalesced alluvial fans is referred to as a __________.

yardang

sand dune

bajada

ventifact

bajada

A portion of a desert characterized by a thin covering of closely packed coarse material is referred to as __________.

ventifacts

desert pavement

yardangs

sand dunes

desert pavement

This type of sand dune has a ridge-like axis that runs parallel to the prevailing average wind direction.

barchan

parabolic

transverse

longitudinal

longitudinal

A coastline that is being flooded, eroded back, or is otherwise receding is referred to as a(n) __________ coastline.

emergent

exposed

submergent

drowned

submergent

What is one feature that is best developed along emergent coastlines?

wave-cut cliff

wave-cut platform

stack

tombolo

wave-cut platform

A longshore current generally runs __________.

parallel to the coastline

perpendicular to the coastline

against the prevailing wind direction.

parallel to the prevailing wind direction.

parallel to the coastline

What feature is associated with an island just offshore of a beach?

tombolo

stack

barrier island

estuary

tombolo

Coastlines are affected by all of the following except __________.

wind

currents

organisms

temperature

sediment supply

composition of land

temperature

Which of the following is NOT considered a coastal hazard?

Hurricanes

Rip Currents

Quick sand/mud

Coastal Erosion

All of the above are coastal hazards

Quick sand/mud

Coastal processes are of interest to geologists, but affect relatively few people since less than 10% of the world's population lives within 10 km of a sea coast.

True

False

False

Which of the following is NOT a flooded coastal environment?

Fjord

Estuary

Wetlands (swamps, marshes, bogs)

Floodplain

Floodplain

A steep beach slope result in a ____________ breaker, which cause erosion; while gentle slope results in ___________ breaker that causes deposition.

Diving; Rolling

Plunging; Spilling

Peaked, Flat

Rushing, Oozing

Plunging; Spilling

Longshore currents flow ____________.

Directly toward the shoreline

Directly away from the shoreline

Parallel to the shoreline

Parallel to the shoreline

Which of the following is not a landscape feature created and/or maintained by the longshore current?

Sand Spit

Hot Spot Islands

Barrier Islands

Lagoons

Tidal Flats

Hot Spot Islands

Because of wave refraction, erosion along an irregular coastline is greatest in the ________________; while deposition is greatest in the ______________; with the net result being that it straightens out the coastline.

Headlands; Embayments

Embayments; Headlands

Swash Zone; Breaker Zone

Breaker Zone; Swash Zone

There is no erosion along a coast

Headlands; Embayments

Which of the following is NOT a method by which sediment can be added to the beaches?

Rivers

Erosion of cliffs via waves and the longshore current

Isostatic processes

Erosion from the seafloor

Wind

Isostatic processes

Energy is regularly transported through the water in the form of _______________, which are often responsible for changing the shape of a coastline.

Particle arrays

Tides

Wind shears

Waves

Waves

The collective movement of beach materials along the coast is called ___________________?

Littoral Transport

Beach Hopping

Sediment Railroad

Particle Shift

Littoral Transport

A ______________ is a landform consisting of loose material such as sand or gravel that has accumulated by wave action at the shore line.

Delta

Sea Cliff

Beach

Sand Flat

Beach

Beaches are designed to grow and shrink.

True

False

True

Coastal areas are particularly susceptible to rapid change because?

These are areas where the land meets the sea and the coast is subjected to processes from both realms

Wind is very high in the these areas

People like to live on the coast and modify land

Tropical cyclones are very frequent in these areas

All coasts are pounded by heavy ways resulting in rapid erosion

These are areas where the land meets the sea and the coast is subjected to processes from both realms

Which of the following is NOT a method by which sediment can be removed from the beaches?

Wind

Being taken out to sea by backwash

The long shore current

Rivers

Rivers

What is the wave base?

Water depth equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves

Wave height equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves

The minimum elevation of a wave before it will start to curl

The distance up the shore where waves can erode

Water depth equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves

________ occur(s) when waves that approach the beach at an angle and produce a net sediment transport direction that is parallel to the shore.

Refraction

Rip Currents

Eddies

Longshore currents

Longshore currents

Which of the following will not occur as the result of longshore currents?

Building and extension of spits

Transportation of sand

Fracturing and abrasion of rock

Closure of small bays and estuaries

Fracturing and abrasion of rock

A ________ is a shoreline "hard stabilization" feature that, oriented parallel to the shore, protects shorelines from the pounding of waves by creating an area of quiet water behind it.

Groin

Seawall

Breakwater

Jetty

Breakwater

Three of the following statements about coastal deltas are correct. Which of them is incorrect?

Sea level rise will protect coastal deltas

Artificial levees prevent sediment from being deposited in delta wetlands

Compaction of previously deposited sediments will result in the subsidence of deltas

Human construction and river management has reduced the amount of sediment available for rivers to transport to deltas

Sea level rise will protect coastal deltas

Which one of the following would not result because of the presence of a breakwater?

Storm waves breaking on the seaward side of the structure

Increased beach erosion on either side of the breakwater

Quiet water on the landward side of the breakwater, resulting in deposition of sediment

Increase in strength of rip currents because of interference from the structure

Storm waves breaking on the seaward side of the structure

Which of the following coastal features is not a characteristic of a submergent coastline?

Barrier islands

Estuaries

Wave-cut platform

Irregular coastlines

Wave-cut platform

The effect of the Moon on tides is about twice that of the Sun.

True

False

True

If a shoreline remains stable over time, an irregular coast will be transformed into a smoother, straighter coast.

True

False

True

Barrier islands can be protected from storms by the construction of buildings, which provide weight to hold the sand in place.

True

False

False

Sea levels have been rising over the last several thousand years because of the melting of Pleistocene ice sheets, which has generated submergent coastlines.

True

False

True

Because of gravitational influence of the Moon on the tides, the rotation of the earth actually speeds up a little each year.

True

False

False

Rising sea level is one of the major side effects of continued rising temperatures. What are the two greatest immediate hazard humans face as a result of rising sea level?

Tornadoes and Tsunamis

Coastal Erosion and River Flooding (due to rivers being unable to drain into the ocean)

Mass wasting and unstable atmospheric chemistry

Underwater volcanic eruptions and underwater Earthquakes

Coastal Erosion and River Flooding (due to rivers being unable to drain into the ocean)

It has been mathematically demonstrated that the current temperature trends fall outside the range of natural variability and there is unquestionably an anthropogenic contribution to modern day climate change.

True

False

True

The transition from day to night is primarily controlled by?

Earth's revolution and tilt

Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's solar insolation

Earth's surface factors (albedo, altitude, and water vs. land)

Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's climatic differences at the same latitude are primarily controlled by?

Earth's revolution and tilt

Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's solar insolation

Earth's surface factors (albedo, altitude, and water vs. land)

Earth's surface factors (albedo, altitude, and water vs. land)

In addition to global climate change, another consequence of the extra CO2 in the atmosphere is

Ocean acidification

Increased rates of skin cancer

Habitat fragmentation

Invasive species

Global pandemics

Ocean acidification

Weather and climate are the same thing.

True

False

False

Earth is capable of maintaining a temperate climate while other planets in our solar system are not, in part because Earth has a regulated magnetic field.

True

False

False

Earth's global temperature distribution is primarily controlled by?

Earth's revolution and tilt

Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's solar insolation

Earth's surface factors (albedo, altitude, and water vs. land)

Earth's solar insolation

Which of the following processes add extraneous CO2 to the atmosphere; i.e., CO2 that is not part of the natural surface carbon cycle?

Photosynthesis

Weathering of the continental crust

Burning of sedimentary materials rich in carbon

The sunspot cycle

Building of skeletal material in coral reefs

Burning of sedimentary materials rich in carbon

The greenhouse effect must be completely eliminated in order to restore Earth to its naturally functioning state.

True

False

False

Earth's seasons and length of daylight are primarily controlled by?

Earth's revolution and tilt

Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's solar insolation

Earth's surface factors (albedo, altitude, and water vs. land)

Earth's revolution and tilt

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subsequently the temperature have naturally risen to high levels in the past. Thus, there is no reason for modern day climate scientists to be concerned with the current warming trend.

True

False

False

What are Earth's two most abundant greenhouse gases?

Ozone and nitrates

CFCs and sulfates

Carbon dioxide and water vapor

Methane and chlorine

Carbon dioxide and water vapor

Which of the following is a natural factor that contributes to long term changes in global climate?

Milankovitch cycles

Ocean conveyor belt current

Solar radiation strength

Plate tectonics

All the above contribute to long term global climate change

All the above contribute to long term global climate change

Scientists obtain records of climate change from all of the following except __________.

volcanic lava layers

tree rings

deep-sea sediments

ice cores

volcanic lava layers

Carbon dioxide (CO2) constitutes approximately __________ of Earth's atmosphere.

40%

0.04%

0.4%

4%

0.04%

Besides carbon dioxide (CO2), __________ is another important greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.

Neon

Argon

Water Vapor

Oxygen

Water Vapor

All of the following are known to cause climate change on Earth except __________.

the expansion of grasslands across the surface of the planet

the eruption of one large or numerous volcanoes in a relatively short period of time

orbital changes between the earth and sun

the tectonic movement of plates across the surface of the planet

the expansion of grasslands across the surface of the planet

A reaction that acts to amplify or reinforce an initial change is termed __________.

the greenhouse effect

Milankovitch forcing

a positive feedback

a negative feedback

a positive feedback