Unit 2 Vocab

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84 Terms

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World Population clusters

From largest to smallest; East Asia (China, Japan), South Asia (Bangladesh, India), Europe and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)

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Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

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Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

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Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

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Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

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Census

the official count of a population

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Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

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Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

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Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

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Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

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Mortality

The death rate within a population.

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Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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Example of a high crude birth rate

Uganda, 43 births per 1000 people per year

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Example of a low crude birth rate

Japan, 7 births per 1000 people per year

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US Crude birth rate

12.5 births per 1000 people per year

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)

the percentage by which a population grows in a year. (Excludes migration)

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CBR-CDR= NIR

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World-wide Natural Increase Rate today (2020)

1.2%

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Highest world-wide natural increase rate in history

2.2% in 1963

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"Rule of 70"

An equation to calculate doubling time: 70 / natural increase rate = doubling time. (Ex: if NIR is 2% then doubling time is 70/2= 30 years.)

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Natural Increase rate in the US today (2020)

0.5%

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Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

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Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

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Sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

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Average Total Fertility Rate in the world today (2020)

2.5

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Total Fertility Rate in sub-Saharan Africa today

4.5

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Total fertility rate in the US today

1.7

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Total fertility rate need to sustain zero population growth

2.1

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Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

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Graying population

a demographic pattern in which the percentage of a country's population older than sixty-five increases

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Consequences of a Graying Population

fewer people in the work force and more retired people dependent on the medical and social services of the nation

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Anti-Natalist Policies

government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

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Medical Revolution

the leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition

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Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

a condition for individual countries when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration

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stage 1 of demographic transition

Low growth; Very high birth and death rates = 0 NIR; Hunting & gathering, agricultural societies.

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Stage 2 of demographic transition

improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop

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stage 3 of demographic transition

fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex

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stage 4 of demographic transition

an industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low

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Declining Birth Rate

Medicine and contraceptive methods improve during this time so women can choose to have less children.

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Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

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Neo-Malthusian

theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food

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Causes of CBR decline

increased education, access to contraception, urbanization

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Epidemiologic Transition

The process of change in the different causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

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Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

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Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions in a particular society

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Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

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mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

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Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements of people that recur on a regular basis.

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Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

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Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

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Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

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Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

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International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

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Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

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Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

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Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

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Migration Transition

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

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Net Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants (determines whether migration raises or lowers your population)

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Ravenstein's Law

11 principles that describe most common patterns in migration. For example: 1) Most migrants move only a short distance. 2) females are more migratory than males within the areas of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond; 3) most migrants are young adults; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

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Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

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Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

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Asylum Seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

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Floodplain

an area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

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Guest Worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

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Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

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Pull Factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

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Push Factor

negative home conditions that encourage the decision to migrate

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Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

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Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

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Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

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Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

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Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

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Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

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Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

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Unauthorized Immigration

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

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Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures