Chapter 6: Fertility

Individual reproductive behaviour

________ is economically rational but modified by non- economic factors to produce the level and pattern of fertility that is observed in a society.

Natural fertility

________: behaviour of couples in earlier populations who did not plan their family size or alter their reproduction habits depending on how many children they already had.

NRR

________: average number of female births to women after the effect of mortality to women in the reproductive ages has been taken into account.

GRR

________: average number of female offspring that women produce.

Fertility

________: actual reproduction output of a woman, a man, or a couple, as measured by the number of offspring.

Fecundity

________: the physiological ability of a woman, a man, or a couple to reproduce.

CBR

________: number of births over a specified period per 1000 population.

economic rationality

Type 2: ________ dictates low levels of reproduction- flows from parents to children.

Sub fecundity

________: the reduced ability of couples to have children because of impairments in any of the biological aspects of reproduction.

Infecundity

Sterility /________: a total inability to reproduce.

TFR

________: total reproductive output for a given population during a specific interval.

GFR

________: number of births per 1000 women between the ages 15 and 49.

Life table

________: reflects the mortality experience of a hypothetical cohort of newborns, followed through life as the cohort ages.

Total marital fertility rate

________ (TMFR): relates to married women of childbearing age.

Regulation costs

________: the costs to parents of intentionally limiting family size.

Low fertility

________= parents invest in fewer children of greater quality.

Fecundity

the physiological ability of a woman, a man, or a couple to reproduce

Sterility/Infecundity

a total inability to reproduce

Primary sterility

sterility is present before the individual has had a child

Secondary sterility

people that have had one child prior to becoming sterile

Sub-fecundity

the reduced ability of couples to have children because of impairments in any of the biological aspects of reproduction

Fertility

actual reproduction output of a woman, a man, or a couple, as measured by the number of offspring

Period measures

computed on the basis of current information

Cohort measures

information on specific generations of women

CBR

number of births over a specified period per 1000 population

GFR

number of births per 1000 women between the ages 15 and 49

TFR

total reproductive output for a given population during a specific interval

Total marital fertility rate (TMFR)

relates to married women of childbearing age

GRR

average number of female offspring that women produce

NRR

average number of female births to women after the effect of mortality to women in the reproductive ages has been taken into account

Life table

reflects the mortality experience of a hypothetical cohort of newborns, followed through life as the cohort ages

Freud

sexual conflict

Monogamy

social invention to control our natural sexual urges

Religion

sexual act = sin

High number of conceptions = April

July → avoid giving birth during winter

Lowest number of conceptions = August

November → crop-gathering months

Proception

when couples discontinue the use of birth control at the appropriate time in the year as to affect the desired timing of their baby 9 months later

Natural fertility

behaviour of couples in earlier populations who did not plan their family size or alter their reproduction habits depending on how many children they already had

Demand for children

number of children desired by parents

High-quality children

those who have more resources spent on them + more time devoted to them

High material aspirations

context of economic prosperity

Regulation costs

the costs to parents of intentionally limiting family size