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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory memory
the immediate, brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
imagery
mental pictures
Mnemonics
memory aids
Chunking
Organizing terms into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
Long term potentiation
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Implicit memory
Retaining learned skills or conditioning, often without conscious awareness of this learning
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and ‘declare’
Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Mood-congruent theory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current mood good or bad
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
Retrieval cue
any stimulus linked to a specific memory
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Parallel Processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
Semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge, one of our two unconscious memory systems
Episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events, one of our two unconscious memory systems
Memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long term memory
Encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be the most effective in helping us recall it
Memory trace
the last physical change in the brain as a memory forms
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored new memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
