history

When did the Industrial Revolution take place?

1750-1850

Where did the industrial revolution start?

Britain

what were the big changes during the industrial revolution?

agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and steam energy

What is pre-industrial economy?

Farming + home production system.

Common land?

Shared land for farming/grazing.

Enclosure system? (1700s)

Fencing common land for private use.

Cottage industry?

Goods made at home by families.

Urbanisation?

Movement to cities.

Why urbanisation?

Factory jobs.

Living conditions?

Overcrowded, dirty, disease.

Mines and factories impact?

Dangerous work, mass employment.

Child labour?

Children working in factories/mines.

Why children used?

Cheap + small size.

Trade union?

Workers’ organisation for rights.

Labour resistance?

Opposition to poor conditions.

Luddites (1811–1816)?

Destroyed machines.

Swing Riots (1830)?

Farmers destroyed machines, demanded wages

Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (1834)?

First national union attempt in Britain.

What was slave trade?

Forced transport and sale of African people.

Why slavery used?

Cheap plantation labour.

Who was enslaved?

Mainly Africans.

What was one impact of the slave trade on Africa?

Loss of population

What was the political situation in Southern Africa by 1860?

African kingdoms were still independent but under pressure.

What increased European interest in Southern Africa?

Discovery of minerals and land.

When were diamonds discovered in Kimberley?

1867

How did diamond mining change over time?

From small diggings to deep-level mining controlled by companies.

What is a monopoly in mining?

When one company controls most production.

Who was a major mining leader?

Cecil John Rhodes

What was De Beers?

A company that controlled diamond mining.

What were conditions like underground in mines?

Hot, dangerous, dusty, and poorly ventilated.

What is the Mineral Revolution?

Rapid changes in South Africa caused by diamond and gold mining.

When was gold discovered on the Witwatersrand?

1886

Why was Witwatersrand gold important?

It was deep-level and very rich.

What is deep-level mining?

Mining deep underground to reach ore.

Why was gold mining expensive?

Deep shafts, machinery, and safety needs.

What is the gold standard?

A system where money value is based on gold.

What changed in mining over time?

Small miners were replaced by large companies.

What was the Chamber of Mines?

An organisation controlling mining companies.

Why was the Chamber of Mines formed?

To control labour and maximise profit.

What is migrant labour?

Workers leaving home to work in mines.

What are closed compounds?

Fenced housing areas for mine workers.

Why were closed compounds used?

To control workers and prevent theft.

When did indentured labour from India start in Natal?

1860

Why did Indians come to Natal?

To work on sugar plantations.

What were conditions like for indentured workers?

Harsh, low pay, and controlled.

Who were passenger Indians?

Indians who paid their own way after 1867.

What is the difference between indentured and passenger Indians?

Indentured = contract labour, Passenger = free migrants

What changed for women in the reserves?

They had more responsibility while men worked away.

What is erosion of families?

Families breaking apart due to migrant labour.

What were underground mine conditions like?

Hot, unsafe, and poorly ventilated.

What is labour resistance in Southern Africa?

Workers resisting unfair conditions through strikes or escape.