CH III: life transitions & story

Ageism

defined as stereotyping, discriminating against, or applying prejudices to older adults due to their age

Inner resources

defined as strength within the person that can be drawn upon when needed

Life review

defined as a process of reminiscing or reflecting on one’s life

bakit Retirement

defined as the period in which one no longer is employed

prejudices and stereotypes

Ageism, a concept introduced more than a half century ago, is defined as “the _____ and _____ that are applied to older people sheerly on the basis of their age”

false. interactions should be NO DIFFERENT than w/ adults of other ages

upon first contact with an older adult, assume that interactions should be different than with adults of other ages unless information gleaned from the history reveals problems that could alter communication. true or false?

2, 5. 2 should be REFRAIN FROM SPEAKING, 5 should be PERIODICALLY

what is not done in communicating with older adults? [SATA]

1. Address the person with an honorific (Mr., Mrs., etc.) and then his or her last name

2. Speak like you are addressing a child

3. Refrain from using terms such as “sweetie” and “dear”.

4. Avoid medical jargon

5. Seldomly ask if the person understands what is being said

Integrity

according to Erik Erikson, ____ results when the older individual derives satisfaction from an evaluation of his or her life

Disappointment

according to Erik Erikson, ____ with life and the lack of opportunities to alter the past bring despair.

eurt

ageism, unfortunately, can predispose aging persons to disappointment because they may believe stereotypical views that old age is a time of purposelessness and decline. true or false?

independence of the children

During middle and later life, parents must adjust to the _____ as they become responsible adult citizens and leave home. _____ may have significant impact for persons who have invested most of their adult lives nurturing and providing for their offspring. [2 blanks, 1 same answer]

child rearing

parents who are freed from the meaningful, purposeful, and satisfying activities associated with _____ frequently experiences profound sense of loss.

1. 1925 to 1945

2. 1946 and 1964

Women who are part of the:

1. Silent Generation, are born from _____ to _____,

2. Early baby boomer generation, are born from _____ to _____.

wife and mother; families

Women who are born between 1925-1964 have been influenced by a historical period that emphasized the role of _____ and _____. These older women centered their lives on their _____, from which they derived their sense of fulfillment.

1. Working hard

2. Masculinity; offspring

The older man may have felt that he has performed useful functions that made him a valuable member of the family, such as:

1. Working hard to support his wife and children,

2. _____ reinforced with proof of his ability to beget and provide for _____

adult-to-adult; young and old

Separate family units may help the parent–child relationship develop on a more _____ basis, to the mutual satisfaction of both the _____ and the _____.

learned

Grandparenthood is a _____ role, and some older individuals may need guidance to become effective grandparents.

1. parents; parent-child relationship

2. calling

3. rules

4. traditions; grandparent’s

Older adults may need to be guided in thinking through issues such as:

1. Respecting their children as _____ and not interfering in the _____

2. _____ before visiting

3. Establishing _____ for babysitting

4. Allowing their children to establish their own _____ within their family and not expecting them to adhere to _____ traditions

eurt

in addition to fulfilling the grandparenting role, many older adults may assume primary child-rearing responsibilities for their grandchildren. true or false?

1. substance abuse

2. teen pregnancy

3. incarceration

Full-time caregiving often arises out of crises with the child’s parents, such as:

death of a spouse

_____ is a common event that alters family life for many older persons—the loss of that individual with whom one has shared more love and life experiences and more joys and sorrows than anyone else may be intolerable

living alone

Adjustment to loss of spouse is coupled with the demand to learn the new task of _____

women

The death of a spouse affects more _____ than the opposite gender because they tend to have a longer life expectancy than the opposite gender

false. it DECREASE with age, there is shortage of eligible men because these men tend to marry younger women

the likelihood of an older adult remarrying after the loss of a spouse increases with age. true or false?

1. friendships and activities

2. benefits

3. freedom; relationships

Nurses may facilitate the adjustment to widowhood by:

1. identifying sources of _____ and _____ such as clubs, volunteer organizations, or groups of widows in the community

2. helping the widow understand and obtain all the _____ to which she is entitled

3. reassuring the widow that enjoying her new _____ and desiring _____ with other men is no reason to feel guilty and may help her to adjust to the loss of her husband and the new role of widow

retirement

this transition brings the loss of a work role and is often an individual’s first experience of the impact of aging.

productivity; active membership

Retirement is especially difficult in Western society, in which worth is commonly measured by an individual’s _____. Work is also often viewed as the dues required for in a productive society.

Occupational identity

_____ largely determines an individual’s social position and social role

leisure time

Retirement is facilitated by learning how to use, appreciate, and gain satisfaction from _____ throughout an employed lifetime. In addition, enjoying _____ is a therapeutic outlet for life stresses throughout the aging process. [2 blanks, 1 same answer]

Robert Atchley

who described phases of retirement?

Preretirement phase

This phase of retirement occurs when the reality of retirement is evident, preparation for leaving one’s job begins, as does fantasy regarding the retirement role.

Retirement phase

This phase of retirement occurs following the retirement event, a somewhat euphoric period begins in which fantasies from the preretirement phase are tested.

honeymoon period

what do you call a somewhat euphoric period that starts at retirement phase?

Disenchantment phase

This phase of retirement occurs as life begins to stabilize. The more unrealistic the preretirement fantasy, the greater the degree of _____. [2 blanks, 1 same answer]

letdown/depression

what occurs in disenchantment phase as life begins to stabilize?

Reorientation phase

This phase of retirement occurs as realistic choices and alternative sources of satisfaction are considered, the disenchantment with the new retirement routine can be replaced by developing a lifestyle that provides some satisfaction.

Retirement routine phase

This phase of retirement occurs as an understanding of the retirement role is achieved, and this provides a framework for concern, involvement, and action in the older person’s life.

eurt

some enter retirement routine phase directly after the honeymoon phase, and some never reach it at all. true or false?

Termination of retirement

This phase of retirement occurs as the retirement role is lost as a result of either the resumption of a work role or dependency due to illness or disability

preretirement

Assisting aging individuals with their retirement preparations during the _____ phase is a preventive intervention that enhances the potential for health and well-being in late life.

counseling; honeymoon; retirement

_____ regarding the realities of retirement may be part of retirement preparation, whereas helping retirees place their newfound freedom into proper perspective may be warranted during the _____ period of the _____ phase.

disenchantment; reorientation

Being supportive of retirees during the _____ phase without fostering self-pity and helping them identify new sources of satisfaction may facilitate the _____ process.

1. Preretirement phase

2. Retirement phase

3. Disenchantment

4. Reorientation phase

5. Retirement routine phase

6. Termination of retirement

The phases of retirement described by Robert Atchley include:

financial

_____ resources are important at any age because they affect our diet, health, housing, safety, and independence and influence many of our choices in life.

Social Security

_____ income, originally intended as a supplement, is actually the primary source of retirement income for most older Americans

inflation

Making financial preparations for old age many years before retirement is important. Nurses should encourage aging working people to determine whether their retirement income plans are keeping pace with _____.

1. illness

2. disability

Common results of declining function in older adults include:

role fulfillment

One intervention against inability to fulfill responsibilities in older adults include identifying specific strategies to improve _____ which is done by instructing and discussing with family members the importance of allowing client to perform

assistive

One intervention against inability to fulfill responsibilities in older adults include referring client to _____ resources, as appropriate, such as support groups, occupational therapist, and counseling.

eurt

hearing and speech deficits and language differences can foster loneliness. true or false?

1. suspiciousness of others

2. self-imposed isolation

insecurity resulting from multiple losses in communication abilities can lead to?

1. personal contact

2. love

3. support

4. attention—not isolation

essential human needs that is needed at a time of many losses and adjustments in older adults include:

failure to thrive

it is likely that a _____ will occur in adults who feel unwanted and unloved just as it does in infants when they perceive love and attention to be inadequate

eurt

nurses should attempt to intervene when they detect isolation and loneliness in an older person. true or false?

common sense

Using _____ in nursing care will facilitate social activity.

energy; social interaction

The nurse can review and perhaps readjust the person’s schedule to conserve _____ and maximize opportunities for socialization. The control of these minor obstacles can often facilitate _____.

false. it is NOT SYNONYMOUS

being alone is synonymous with being lonely. true or false?

periods of solitude

_____ are essential at all ages and provide the opportunity to reflect, analyze, and better understand the dynamics of one’s life. Older individuals may want _____ to reminisce and review their lives. [2 blanks, 1 same answer]

1. widowhood

2. death of friends

3. recognition of declining functions

these events heighten older persons’ awareness of the reality of their own deaths

lack of a will and burial plans

individuals intellectually understand they will not live forever, but their behaviors often deny this reality—this is evidenced by:

dreams; ties; welfare; legacy

As the reality of mortality becomes acute with advancing age, interest in fulfilling _____, deepening religious convictions, strengthening family _____, providing for the ongoing _____ of family, and leaving a _____ are often apparent signs

1. life review

2. life story

3. self-reflection

4. inner resources

Nurses can help older adults respond to life transitions by:

1. facilitating _____

2. eliciting a _____

3. promoting _____

4. strengthening older adults’ _____

life review

this is defined as the process of intentionally reflecting on past experiences in an effort to resolve troublesome or traumatic life events and assess one’s life in totality.

integrity

life review has long been recognized as an important process to facilitate _____ in old age (i.e., to help older people appreciate that their lives have had meaning).

false. discussing the past is THERAPEUTIC and important for older individuals

discussing the past is a pathologic behavior. true or false?

reminiscing

_____ is a culturally universal phenomenon of aging. It is a way for the older adult to reassess life experiences and further develop a sense of accomplishment, fulfillment, and reward in life.

eliciting the older adult’s life story

The nurse can facilitate life review by?

a willingness to listen

A basic requisite to eliciting life stories is?

1. Tree of Life

2. Timeline

3. Life Map

4. Oral History

Activities to facilitate the process of eliciting life stories include the following:

1. _____. Ask the older adult to write significant events (graduation, first job, relocations, marriages, deaths, childbirths, etc.) from the past on each branch and then discuss each.

2. _____. Ask the older person to write significant events on or near the year when they occurred and then discuss each.

3. _____. Ask the older adult to write significant events on the map and discuss each.

4. _____. Ask the older adult to start with his or her earliest memory and record the story of his or her life into a tape recorder. (Suggest that the older person make this recording as a gift for younger family members.)

eurt

guiding older adults through this experience of compiling a life story provides a therapeutic exercise for them and an invaluable legacy for loved ones. true or false?

knowledge of self

one of the hallmarks of successful aging is _____ —that is, an awareness of the realities of who one is and one’s place in the world

body, mind, and spirit

The self, the personal identity and individual possesses, has several dimensions that basically can be described as _____, _____, and _____.

1. physical characteristics and functioning

2. cognition, perception, and emotions

3. meaning and purpose

1. The body includes _____ and ______

2. The mind encompasses _____, _____, and _____

3. The spirit consists of _____ and ______ derived from a relationship with God or other higher

power.

holistic self

this is your?

all persons successfully complete task of

self-evaluation/self-reflection

Some adults may not have invested the time and effort in _____ and, consequently, reach old age with a lack of clarity of their identity

1. life review

2. telling one’s life story

3. journaling

4. writing letters and emails

5. reflecting through art

Guiding aging people through self-reflective activities is an important therapeutic measure that gerontological nurses may need to offer. Self-reflective activities include:

dwag, pero ito yung list

1. Assumption of responsibility for self-care

2. Mobilization of internal and external resources to solve problems and manage crises

3. Development of support system via a network of family, friends, and professional individuals and groups (e.g., social clubs, churches, physicians, and volunteers)

4. Sense of control over life events

5. Adaptation to change

6. Perseverance in the face of obstacles and difficulties

7. Recovery from trauma

8. Realization and acceptance of reality that life includes positive and negative events

9. Discovery of meaning in life events

10. Determination to fulfill personal, family, community, and work expectations despite difficulties and distractions

11. Recognition of limitations and competencies

12. Ability to trust, love, and forgive and to accept trust, love, and forgiveness

give at least 3 characteristics reflective of survivor competencies of aging individuals

eurt

by considering the strengths displayed by older adults as they navigate the aging process, nurses and others can develop an enlightened perspective of the older population. true or false?

physical health and well-being

Nurses best serve older adults by maintaining and bolstering their inner strengths. Basic to this effort is ensuring _____ and _____.

1, 2, 3, 6

1 should be MAXIMUM, 2 should be AVOIDING, 3 should be VARIETY, 6 should be ENCOURAGEMENT

what interventions must nurses NOT do to facilitate empowerment? [choose number]

1. Including and encouraging the active participation of older adults in care planning and caregiving activities to the minimum extent possible

2. Enabling ageist attitudes that can be communicated through the manner of speaking to older adults and practices

3. Providing a restrictive amount of options to older people and freedom to choose among them

4. Equipping older adults for maximum self-care and self-direction by educating, relating, coaching, sharing, and supporting them

5. Advocating for older adults as they seek information, make decisions, and execute their own selected self-care strategies

6. Offering feedback, positive reinforcement, discouragement, and support

ageist behavior

“Fall risk” taped to a client’s door in view of others is a type of what behavior done by the nurse, given the situation?

hope

A sense of _____ fosters empowerment and is a thread that reinforces the fabric of inner strengths. _____ is an expectation that a problem will be resolved, relief will be obtained, and something desired will be obtained. [2 blanks, 1 same answer]

honoring the value; optimistic and caring

Nurses foster hope in older people by _____ of their lives despite infirmities and limitations, assisting in establishing goals, supporting the use of coping strategies, building on capabilities, and displaying an _____ and _____ attitude.