(8) SECTION 8 STUDY NOTES (COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS)

What is "FNLA"?

The National Front for the Liberation of Angola is a political party and former militant organisation that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal in the war of independence, under the leadership of Holden Roberto.

What is "UNITA"?

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola is the second-largest political party in Angola.
Founder: Jonas Savimbi
Leader: Adalberto Costa Júnior (Party leader)
Founded: March 13, 1966, Moxico Province, Angola
Country: Angola

What is "MPLA"?

The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, from 1977 to 1990 called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labour Party, is an Angolan social democratic political party. Wikipedia
Founders: Agostinho Neto, Lúcio Lara, Mário Pinto de Andrade, Viriato da Cruz, Ilídio Machado
Leader: João Lourenço (President)
Presidents: João Lourenço, José Eduardo dos Santos
Founded: December 10, 1956, Luanda, Angola

Who led the MPLA until 1979, and who took over afterward? [MPLA-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]

Agostinho Neto led until 1979; José Eduardo dos Santos took over afterward.

What was the ideology of the MPLA? [MPLA-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]

Marxist-Leninist (communist).

Which countries supported the MPLA? [MPLA-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]

Soviet Union, Cuba, and the Eastern bloc.

What role did the MPLA play in the Angolan Civil War? [MPLA-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]

Took control of Luanda, declared itself the government, and fought against FNLA and UNITA.

Who led UNITA, and what was its ideology? [UNITA-second-largest political party in Angola]

Jonas Savimbi led UNITA; it was anti-communist.

Which countries supported UNITA? [UNITA-second-largest political party in Angola]

United States, South Africa, and later China.

Who led the FNLA, and what was its ideology? [FNLA-National Front for the Liberation of Angola]

Holden Roberto led the FNLA; it was nationalist and anti-communist.

Which countries supported the FNLA? [FNLA-National Front for the Liberation of Angola]

United States and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

What event marked the beginning of MPLA control in Angola? [MPLA-Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]

In 1975, the MPLA declared independence and took control of Luanda.

When did the Angolan Civil War officially end? [UNITA-second-largest political party in Angola]

2002, after Jonas Savimbi was killed and UNITA signed a peace agreement.

What was the main issue in the Berlin Crisis of 1961? [Berlin Crisis (1961)]

The U.S. and Soviet Union clashed over the status of Berlin, especially West Berlin's freedom.

Who demanded the Western powers leave Berlin? [Berlin Crisis (1961)]

Nikita Khrushchev.

How did President John F. Kennedy respond to Khrushchev's demands? [Berlin Crisis (1961)]

He refused to leave West Berlin and committed to defend it.

What major structure was built in August 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing? [Berlin Crisis (1961)]

The Berlin Wall.

What famous standoff occurred between American and Soviet tanks? [Berlin Crisis (1961)]

The Checkpoint Charlie tank standoff.

What was the failed U.S. operation to overthrow Fidel Castro? [Cuba & Cuban Missile Crisis]

The Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961).

What 1962 event nearly caused nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union? [Cuban Missile Crisis]

The Cuban Missile Crisis.

Who was the U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis? [Cuban Missile Crisis]

John F. Kennedy.

Who was the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis? [Cuban Missile Crisis]

Nikita Khrushchev.

What was the U.S. naval action during the crisis called? [Cuban Missile Crisis]

A "quarantine" (military blockade).

What was the secret deal that ended the crisis? [Cuban Missile Crisis]

USSR removed missiles from Cuba; U.S. promised not to invade Cuba and secretly removed missiles from Turkey.

Who led Hungary during the 1956 revolution? [1956 Hungarian Revolution]

Imre Nagy.

What reforms did Imre Nagy promise? [1956 Hungarian Revolution]

Free elections, freedom of speech, and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.

How did the Soviet Union respond to the Hungarian Revolution? [1956 Hungarian Revolution]

Sent tanks and troops on November 4, 1956, crushing the revolt.

Who replaced Imre Nagy after the revolution? [1956 Hungarian Revolution]

János Kádár.

When did the Korean War start? [Korean Conflict]

June 25, 1950.

Who led North Korea during the war? [Korean Conflict]

Kim Il Sung.

Who led South Korea during the war? [Korean Conflict]

Syngman Rhee.

Which general led the UN counterattack in Korea? [Korean Conflict]

General Douglas MacArthur.

Which country sent troops to support North Korea? [Korean Conflict]

China (with Soviet support).

When did the Korean War end? [Korean Conflict]

July 27, 1953 (armistice; no peace treaty).

Who became the reform leader of Czechoslovakia in 1968? [Prague Spring (1968)]

Alexander Dubček.

What was Dubček's goal? [Prague Spring (1968)]

"Socialism with a human face" — more freedoms and less censorship.

Which country feared Dubček's reforms and led the invasion? [Prague Spring (1968)]

The Soviet Union.

When did the Warsaw Pact invasion occur? [Prague Spring (1968)]

August 1968.

Who replaced Dubček? [Prague Spring (1968)]

Gustáv Husák.

What doctrine did the USSR use to justify the invasion? [Prague Spring (1968)]

The Brezhnev Doctrine.

Who was the Afghan leader assassinated during the Soviet invasion? [Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]

Hafizullah Amin.

Who did the Soviets install as leader afterward? [Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]

Babrak Karmal.

Which group resisted the Soviet-backed government? [Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]

The Mujahideen.

Which countries supported the Mujahideen? [Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]

United States, China, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia.

When did the USSR withdraw from Afghanistan? [Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan]

February 1989.

Which Egyptian leader nationalized the Suez Canal? [Suez Crisis (1956)]

Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Which three countries invaded Egypt? [Suez Crisis (1956)]

Britain, France, and Israel.

Why did the U.S. oppose the invasion? [Suez Crisis (1956)]

It feared it would escalate Cold War tensions and push Arab nations toward the USSR.

What was the result of the Suez Crisis? [Suez Crisis (1956)]

Britain, France, and Israel withdrew; Nasser gained prestige.

Who led North Vietnam? [Vietnam Conflict]

Ho Chi Minh.

Who led South Vietnam? [Vietnam Conflict]

Ngo Dinh Diem.

What was the main communist insurgent group in South Vietnam? [Vietnam Conflict]

The Viet Cong.

Which U.S. president escalated involvement after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? [Vietnam Conflict]

Lyndon B. Johnson.

What policy did President Nixon use to reduce U.S. troop involvement? [Vietnam Conflict]

Vietnamization.

When did Saigon fall, ending the war? [Vietnam Conflict]

1975.