Psychopathology Exam 2

Psychoses

A class of disorders in which reality contract is impaired

Reality contract

refers to the ability to perceive and interpret reality accurately, which can be compromised in various mental disorders.

Continuum of severity

indicating varying degrees of impairment in individuals experiencing psychosis.

Mood disorder

characterized by significant changes in mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder, that can affect daily functioning.

Thought disorder

a mental condition affecting thought processes, often leading to disorganized thinking or delusions.

Positive signs

in psychosis that indicate the presence of abnormal thinking or behavior, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Negative signs

refers to the absence or reduction of normal emotional responses, including lack of motivation, social withdrawal, and diminished emotional expression.

Schizophrenia DSM-5

a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior, often including hallucinations and delusions.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

are the added behaviors and experiences that are not typically present in healthy individuals, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia

are deficits in emotional expression and social functioning, often leading to a lack of motivation, withdrawal, and reduced expression of emotions.

Delusions

are false beliefs that are strongly held despite evidence to the contrary, often seen in schizophrenia.

Hallucinations

are sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind, commonly reported in individuals with schizophrenia.

Alogia

is a negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by a reduction in speech output and fluency, reflecting a lack of thought productivity.

Emotional flattening

is a negative symptom of schizophrenia where an individual shows diminished emotional expression and responsiveness, often appearing dull or unfeeling.

Asociality

is a negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by a lack of interest in social interactions and relationships, often leading to social withdrawal.

Avolition

is a negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by a decrease in motivation to initiate and sustain purposeful activities. Individuals may neglect personal hygiene, work, or social engagements.

Positive symptoms of hallucinations

Auditory, Visual, Olfactory, tactile and gustatory

Clang associations

are a type of speech disturbance in which a person uses words that rhyme or have similar sounds, often without logical connection, commonly seen in schizophrenia.

Word salad

is a disorganized form of speech that includes a jumble of words and phrases, making it difficult to understand. This symptom is often associated with severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia.

Neologisms

are made-up words or phrases that have meaning only to the individual using them, often found in schizophrenia.

Schizoaffective

disorder is a mental health condition that includes symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, such as depression or mania.

Bipolar 1

disorder is characterized by manic episodes lasting at least seven days, often followed by depressive episodes, which can be severe. It may also involve episodes of hypomania.

DID

is a severe dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession.

Schizophrenia Biological factors

Prenatal issues, brain abnormalities, neurodevelopment, neurochemistry,

dopamine hypothesis

suggests that an excess of dopamine in the brain is linked to the development of schizophrenia, influencing symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.

Aberrant salience

refers to the inappropriate assignment of importance to stimuli, which can contribute to the experience of hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.

Glutamate hypothesis

proposes that alterations in glutamate neurotransmission contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia, potentially leading to cognitive deficits and psychosis.

Schizophrenia psychosocial treatment

Family therapy, Case management, social skills training and cognitive remediation

Endogenous

Not triggered

Exogenous

Triggered by external factors

What are mood disorders

Mania and depression

Unipolar depressive disorder

is a type of mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or a lack of interest in life. Unlike bipolar disorder, it does not involve manic episodes.

Bipolar disorders

are mood disorders characterized by shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, including episodes of mania or hypomania and depressive episodes.

depressive episode

is a period of time characterized by severe feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, often affecting daily functioning.

Anhedonia

is a key symptom often associated with depression, referring to the inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment from activities that typically bring joy.

Major depressive disorder specifiers

Catatonic, seasonal, psychotic, melancholic, atypical

Seasonal affective disorder

is a type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, typically in winter, characterized by symptoms such as irritability, weight gain, and fatigue due to reduced sunlight exposure.

Psychotic depression

is a subtype of major depressive disorder characterized by severe depressive symptoms accompanied by psychotic features, such as delusions or hallucinations.

Melancholic depression

is a subtype of major depressive disorder defined by a pervasive low mood, anhedonia, and specific physical symptoms such as weight loss and insomnia.

Atypical depression

Mood reactivity (Mood brightens in response to actual positive or potential positive events

Major depressive disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical problems that interfere with daily functioning.

Persistant depressive disorder

(dysthymia) is a chronic form of depression characterized by a low mood lasting for at least two years, along with feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and changes in sleep and appetite.

Double depression

is a condition in which a person experiences both major depressive episodes and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). This combination can lead to more severe symptoms and a greater level of impairment.

Unipolar treatments

Medications, Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, Bright light therapy

bipolar 2

is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode, differing from bipolar I disorder which includes full manic episodes.

Cyclothymia

is a mood disorder that involves periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years, but the symptoms are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode or a major depressive episode.

Manic episode

is a period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy or activity, lasting at least one week, often resulting in significant impairment in social or occupational functioning.

Hypomanic episode

is a period of unusually elevated mood and increased energy, less severe than a manic episode, lasting at least four consecutive days.

Stress

Feeling overwhelmed

Trauma

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, either directly or indirectly, causing lasting emotional and psychological effects.

General Adaptation syndrome

is the physiological response to stress that occurs in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Sympathetic nervous system

is part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for the fight-or-flight response during stressful situations, increasing heart rate and blood flow.

Parasympathetic nervous system

is the part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes a calming response, slowing the heart rate and increasing digestion.

Adjustment disorder

is a psychological condition that occurs when an individual struggles to cope with a significant life change or stressor, resulting in emotional or behavioral symptoms.

Acute stress disorder

is a mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms similar to PTSD, such as intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, and heightened anxiety.

Reactive attachment disorder

is a serious condition in which an infant or young child does not establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers, typically due to neglect or instability in caregiving.

reactive attachment disorder

is characterized by a child’s inability to form secure emotional bonds, often leading to difficulties in social and emotional development.

persistant avoidance

of reminders and thoughts related to a traumatic event, resulting in emotional numbness and detachment from others.

Dysrgulated arousal

refers to an inability to modulate emotional responses, often resulting in hyperarousal or dissociation in response to stress.

PTSD Comorbidities

refers to other mental health conditions that often occur alongside PTSD, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders.

Acute stress disorder

is a mental health condition that can develop after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms like anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance behaviors that last from three days to one month.

dual representation theory

is a theory that suggests individuals process traumatic memories through two different systems: a verbal-narrative system and a sensory-imagery system, influencing how they recall and respond to trauma.

Trauma 1

is an emotional response to an event such as an accident, rape, or natural disaster, which can lead to long-term psychological distress.

Trauma 2

is a psychological response to an event or series of events that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning, often involving feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror.

Developmental trauma

refers to the psychological impact of adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, or instability, which can affect emotional and cognitive development.

Complex PTSD

is a condition that arises from prolonged or repeated exposure to traumatic events, often resulting in symptoms such as emotional dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, and negative self-concept.

Affect dysregulations

involves the ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences effectively, particularly in relation to trauma and stress.

Self disturbance

is a psychological condition characterized by disruptions in self-awareness, identity, and emotional regulation, often resulting from trauma or adverse experiences.

Malingering

Faking a disorder

Factious disorder

is a mental health condition where an individual intentionally produces or feigns symptoms of illness for psychological benefit, often seeking attention or sympathy.

somatic symptom disorder

is a condition where an individual experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with medical findings, often accompanied by anxiety regarding these symptoms.

Conversion disorder

is a mental health condition in which a person experiences neurological symptoms, such as paralysis or blindness, that cannot be attributed to medical illness. The symptoms often arise as a response to psychological stress.

Dissociation

is a psychological phenomenon where a person experiences a disconnection between thoughts, memory, and sense of identity, often as a response to trauma.

Depersonalization

is a type of dissociation where an individual feels detached from their own body or thoughts, often experiencing the world as unreal or distorted.

Derealization

is a type of dissociation in which a person feels a sense of detachment from their surroundings, experiencing the world as dreamlike or distorted.

Peritraumatic dissociation

occurs during or immediately after a traumatic event, often resulting in a temporary disconnection from reality or the trauma itself.

Tertiary

dissociation refers to a state where an individual experiences a disconnection from their thoughts, identity, or sense of self, often as a response to trauma or stress.

Amnesia

is a condition characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory, often resulting from trauma, stress, or psychological factors.

Identity confusion

is a psychological state where an individual struggles to maintain a clear sense of self, often resulting in feelings of uncertainty about their beliefs, values, and personal identity.

Identify Alteration

is a change in an individual's perception of their self-identity, which can occur due to various psychological factors or experiences.

Depersonalization disorder

is a dissociative disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of being detached from one’s own body or mental processes, often accompanied by distortions in the perception of reality.

Dissociative disorder

is a category of mental disorders characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory, often leading to disruptions in a person’s sense of self.

Dissociative amnesia

is a form of dissociative disorder that involves the inability to recall important personal information, typically related to a traumatic or stressful event, and is not due to ordinary forgetfulness.

Dissociative fudge

is not a recognized mental health condition and may refer to a colloquial term mistakenly conflating dissociative disorders with other terms.

DID

two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world.