Peace Dev quiz 1

(Union of International Associations, 2017).

• Peace can be viewed from different perspectives and expressed in various ways.

• This is so because all aspects of human life revolve around "order" or "harmony" that keeps it moving, growing, and evolving.

• The most common understanding of Peace is manifested as "societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence"

SOCIAL SENSE

• Peace is understood as a "lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups" (Wikipedia, 2020).

• Leaders of the world, governments and other social institutions make concerted efforts such as peacemaking and diplomacy to ensure that "behavioral restraints" are established so that no rights, freedom and dignity are being trampled on.

Rummel (1981)

• said that "peace is a state of law or civil government, a state of justice or goodness, a balance or equilibrium of Powers"

PSYCHOLOGICAL PEACE

• considered important in establishing “behavioral peace."

• Peace can be initiated by having a sense of inner tranquility.

• It is considered peace of mind or serenity, especially in the East (Rummel, 1981).

• According to The Encyclopedia for World Problems and Human Potentials (2017)

• peaceful behavior sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition."

• (Union of International Associations, 2017).

• It also goes to say that a peaceful person can contribute abundantly to resolving issues, hence spreading peace in society

Hugo Grotius

• Peace was defined as merely the absence of war or direct violence.

Thee, 1982

• Peace was that of absence of death and destruction as a result of war and physical/direct violence.

Raymond Aron (Barsh, 1999)

• "peace as more or less lasting suspension of violent modes of rivalry between political units"

1960s

• In the ____, there is a "shift of attention to violence." From direct violence to indirect violence or "structural violence."

• Structural violence, unlike director physical violence, is not readily observed.

Castro & Galace, 2010

• These are commonly manifested in conditions of extreme poverty, starvation, poor health services, and discrimination against the minority.

• These conditions eventually lead to conflicts and unpeaceful living among communities. Peace theorists and advocates emphasize the importance of economic stability, social and cultural respect, and environmental justice to eradicate societal conflicts and violence.

Johan Galtung

• peace theorist and researcher, argues that "Structural violence occurs when the wealth of the nation is based on labor and the people are required to live diminished lives of deprivation" (Monez, 1973).

• (Mische, 1987)

• Moreover, the concept of peace necessarily involves protecting the environment.

• Peace with nature is the foundation of positive peace.

• Earth is ultimately the source of our survival, physical sustenance, health, and wealth. We are nothing without it. Sadly, nature is seriously impaired, and as a result, many forms of conflict arise.

According to Barnaby (1989

• human behavior is related to the availability of basic resources, Therefore, a shortage of resources threatens lifestyles, and rivalry for resources can lead to aggression and violent conflict.

8 Pillars of Peace:

• Well-functioning government,

• sound business environment,

• equitable distribution of resources,

• acceptance of the rights of others,

• good relations with neighbors,

• free flow of information,

• high level of human capital,

• Low levels of corruption

Levels of peace:

- Personal Peace

- Domestic Peace

- Inter-Personal Peace

- Local Peace

- Social/National Peace

- International Peace

- Environmental Peace

Personal Peace

• "a state of calm, serenity, and tranquility of mind that arise due to having no sufferings or mental disturbances such as worry, anxiety, greed, desire, hatred, ill-will, delusion andjor other defilements" (Gogava et al., 2018, p. 4).

Domestic Peace

• peace that comes from mutual respect among family members; mutual assistance among members of the family and household

Inter-Personal Peace

• involves acceptance of differences and diversity among people; resolving disagreements and conflicts non-violently, with dialog and discussion; relating to others with compassion, empathy, and a sense of justice; living with them harmoniously (Oregonians for Peace, 2016)

Local Peace

• love and respect among neighbors or residents of the local community

Social/National Peace

• respect, trust, love, and understanding of people of Different Social Groups (Religion, Ethnic Background, and Social Status)

International Peace

• Respect for the culture and way of life of other races/nations

Environmental peace

• examines and advocates environmental protection and cooperation as a factor in creating more peaceful relations, respect for the environment, and sustainable development.

The Petals of Peace Education

• is a model for creating a peaceful environment and improving the community's well-being.

• Each _____ represents a relevant aspect that society needs to have and can create a peaceful atmosphere where everyone is calmly living in a non-disturbing environment.

• Toh Swee-Hin proposes that these initiatives be carried out through government and non-government plans.

Petals of Peace education

1. Living with justice and compassion

2. Building cultural respect, reconciliation, and solidarity

3. Promoting human rights and responsibilities

4. Living in harmony with the earth

5. Cultivating inner peace

6. Dismantling the culture of war

World Health Organization WRVH

• Violence is defined by the ____________ as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either result in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation" (Krug, Mercy J. et al., 2002)

Betty Reardon

• According to _______, peace educators define violence as humanly inflicted harm. (Reardon, n.d.).

• Furthermore, violence can be categorized as direct (physical violence) and indirect (structural violence).

• Birgit Brock-Tutne (1989)

• _______ notes that violence can be categorized as organized or unorganized.

Organized violence

refers to war that occurs between states or within a state.

Unorganized violence

• usually done by an individual or groups spontaneously, includes wife battering, rape, child abuse, and street crime.

Direct Violence/Physical Violence

• "behavioral" violence such as war, bullying, domestic violence

• 
  

Indirect violence (Structural Violence)

• often unconscious;

• structural violence results from unjust and inequitable social and economic structures and manifests itself in, for example, poverty and deprivation of all kinds.

Cultural violence

• the devaluing and destruction of particular human identities and ways of life, the violence of sexism, ethnocentrism, racism and colonial ideologies, and other forms of moral exclusion that rationalize aggression, domination, inequity, and oppression. (Council of Europe, 2017)

Types of violence:

- Suicice

- Homicide

- Direct war

- Other forms of conflict

Self-directed violence

refers to violence in which the perpetrator and the victim are the same individual and is subdivided into self-abuse andsuicide.

interpersonal violence

• refers to violence between individuals and is subdivided into family and intimate partner violence and community violence.

• The former category includes child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder abuse, while the latter is broken down into acquaintance and stranger violence and includes youth violence, assault by strangers, violence related to property crimes, and violence in workplaces and other institutions.

Collective violence

• refers to violence committed by larger groups of individuals and can be subdivided into social, political and economic violence

Personal

• the first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence:

• Such as demographic characteristics (age, education, income), personality disorders, substance abuse, and a history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behavior.

Family or friends

• The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with ______ in youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person's risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence.

• For intimate ____ violence, a consistent marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship.

• In elder abuse, an important factor is stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the caregiver.

Community

• the third level explores the community context - i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods.

• Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty.

Society

• Societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited:

• The responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships, income inequality, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of firearms, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability.