NHCO Phlebotomy Test Pt.1

Define: venipuncture

Drawing or removing blood from the circulatory system through an incision to obtain a sample for analysis and diagnosis

Informed consent

A competent person gives voluntary permission to a medical procedure after receiving adequate information about the risk of the procedure's methods and consequences

Expressed consent

Permission given by the patient verbally or in writing

Implied consent

Patient's actions permit the procedure without verbal or written consent. Ex) putting their arm out when told they need a blood draw

HIV Testing Consent

Special permission needed to test for HIV

Parental consent (for minors)

A parent or guardian must permit procedures administered to underage patients

Define: OSHA

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They mandate safety regulations across every workplace- from office furniture to laboratory regulations

OSHA Laboratory rules

- never eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum

- never place pens or pencils in your mouth

- never put food or drinks in specimen refrigerator

- never wear long chains or jewelry

- never apply cosmetics or perfume

- always wear fully buttoned lab coat

- never wear lab attire outside of lab

- always wear closed toed, nonslip shoes

- always tie back long hair

- always keep fingernails short, never bite them

- always wear PPE

OSHA Patient Care Rules

- report unresponsive patients immediately

- avoid running

- be careful entering and exiting patient rooms

- do not touch electrical equipment in patient's rooms

- follow standard precautions when handling specimens

- properly dispose of contaminated materials

- replace bed rails as you found them before entering

- report infiltrated IV catheters and lines

- report unusual odors in patient's rooms

Direct contact transmission

When a pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected individual to another person. Ex. skin-to-skin contact

Indirect contact

When a fomite (inanimate object that carries disease) serves as a temporary reservoir for the infectious agent. Ex) contact with intermediate object such as clothing

Droplet transmission

When the infectious agent is traveling in saliva or mucous as it leaves the reservoir. Ex) sneezing, coughing

Vehicle transmission

When the agent is contained in the body fluid that the susceptible host contacts. Ex) doorknob, pen in mouth, water faucet

Airborne transmission

When the infectious agent is so small that it can suspend and travel through the air. Ex) tuberculosis is contracted by infectious particles that remain suspended in the air

Vector-borne transmission

When a pathogen transmits through an invertebrate such as an insect. Ex) malaria, Lyme disease

Parenteral transmission

Occurs when a disease is transmitted other than by mouth, nose or eyes. Ex) needlestick, open wound

Agents are infectious microorganisms classified into which 4 groups?

1. Viruses

2. Bacteria

3. Fungi

4. Parasites

What is the order of removal for PPE

1. Gloves 2. Goggles 3. Gown 4. Mask

Define: medical asepsis

The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after leaving the body

How long can the hepatitis B virus survive in dried blood

7 days

If blood splashes in your eyes or mucus membranes, how long should you rinse the affected area

Wash with soap and water for at least 15 minutes

What method should be used to clean up a blood spill

Use 10% bleach solution over the blood and leave it for at least 10 minutes before wiping down the material *body fluids need to be disinfected with a 1:10 bleach to water solution

When should a sharps container be locked and disposed of

When it is 2/3 full

Define: aseptic

Free from contamination by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms

What are the organs of the peripheral nervous system

Nerves & ganglia

What are the organs of the central nervous system

The brain and spinal chord

What are the 3 different types of muscles

Cardiac (heart), skeletal (voluntary movement) and smooth muscle (involuntary movement)

How many muscles in the human body

70,000

What are the layers of the integumentary system (from the outer layer to the inner most layer)

Epidermis , dermis (has an active blood supply), subcutaneous

How many liters of blood does the average person have in their body

5-7 liters

List the 5 blood vessels in the human body

Arteries (main branches), arterioles (smaller branches), capillaries (exchanging), venules (smaller branches, veins (main branches)

What percentage of plasma to cells in whole blood

55% plasma & 45% cells

Define: erythrocytes

Red blood cells (they contain hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein)

Define: leukocytes

White blood cells (they protect the body from infections )

What is pulmonary circulation

When deoxygenated blood is carried from the right ventricle, travels to the lungs, then returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (heart- lungs- hurts)

Systemic circulation

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body (heart-body)

What are the 5 types of white blood cells

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Plasma is the liquid portion of ____________ blood

Anticoagulated

Serum is the liquid portion of ______________ blood

Coagulated

What are the 4 blood groups

Group O, Group A, Group B, Group AB

Which blood type is the "universal donor"

O-(negative)

Which blood type is the "universal recipient"

AB+(positive)

What are the 4 stages of hemostasis (the process by which blood vessels repair after injury)

1. Vascular phase 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation phase 4. Fibrinolysis

Tubes with anticoagulants (aka still contain clotting factors)

Lavender, the greens, pink, royal blue with a lavender stripe, light blue, gray. These will produce plasma when separated in the centrifuge

Tubes without anticoagulants (aka there are no clotting factors present as they've been used to clot the blood)

Clear (discard), red (glass and plastic), tiger top, royal blue with a red stripe. These will produce serum when separated in the centrifuge

Explain the vascular phase (first phase) of blood vessel repair

Injury to a blood vessel causes it to constrict, slowing blood flow

Explain the Platelet phase (second phase) of blood vessel repair

Injury to the endothelial lining causes platelets to construct, slowing blood flow. Additional platelets stick to the site forming a temporary platelet plug in a process called aggregation

Explain the coagulation phase (third phase) of blood vessel repair

The temporary platelet plug created in the platelet phase is converted into a stable fibrin clot

What is a Prothrombin time test (PT/INR)

a test used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway, and also monitors anticoagulant therapy for patients on blood thinners

Explain the fibrinolysis phase (fourth phase) of blood vessel repair

The breakdown and removal of the clot

What is TJC (The Joint Commission)

The oldest watchdog group in healthcare facility oversight. Its mission is to improve healthcare offerings to the public

What is the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)

A global, non profit organization that works to develop and implement clinical and laboratory practices and promote their use worldwide